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Article

Association between Maternal Blood Glucose Levels during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Birth Cohort Study

1
Translational Medicine Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, No. 1616 Yanxiang Road, Xi’an 710061, China
2
The Assisted Reproduction Center, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, No. 1616 Yanxiang Road, Xi’an 710061, China
3
Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital, No. 1616 Yanxiang Road, Xi’an 710061, China
4
Beijing Obstetrics and Gynecology Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Beijing 100026, China
*
Authors to whom correspondence should be addressed.
These authors have contributed equally to this work.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(3), 2102; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032102
Submission received: 3 November 2022 / Revised: 16 January 2023 / Accepted: 16 January 2023 / Published: 24 January 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Maternal and Child Nutrition)

Abstract

Objective: This study aimed to investigate the relationship between maternal blood glucose levels during pregnancy and neonatal birth outcomes in Northwest China. Methods: This population-based cohort study included 10,010 first-trimester pregnant women who joined the birth cohort of the Northwest Women’s and Children’s Hospital from July 2018 to July 2020. Basic demographic characteristics, lifestyle and behavior patterns were collected. Oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) results during the second trimester and pregnancy outcomes after childbirth were also collected. A generalized linear model was constructed to analyze the effects of blood glucose levels on neonatal birth outcomes. Results: We found that every 1 mmol/L increase in fasting plasma glucose (FPG) was associated with an increase in birth weight (β = 100.22 g, 95% confidence interval (95%CI): 81.91, 118.52), birth weight Z score (β = 0.23, 95%CI: 0.19, 0.27) and birth weight Z centile (β = 6.72%, 95%CI: 5.51, 7.94). Moreover, the risk of macrosomia, premature birth and being born large for gestational age (LGA) increased by 2.01 (95%CI: 1.67, 2.43), 1.35 (95%CI: 1.09, 1.66) and 1.80 (95%CI: 1.57, 2.07) times, respectively. Additionally, for every 1 mmol/L increase in FPG associated with a decrease in gestational age (β = −0.12 weeks, 95%CI: −0.19, −0.06), the risk of SGA decreased by 0.70 (OR = 0.70, 95%CI: 0.55, 0.89) times. Every 1 mmol/L increase in 1/2-h PG had similar outcomes as FPG, besides premature birth and SGA. Conclusions: Higher blood glucose in pregnant women may increase neonatal birth weight, decrease gestational age and lead to a higher risk of macrosomia, premature birth and LGA. Mothers should actively prevent and control hyperglycemia to promote maternal and infant health.
Keywords: blood glucose level; birth outcomes; fasting plasma glucose blood glucose level; birth outcomes; fasting plasma glucose

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MDPI and ACS Style

Zhao, D.; Liu, D.; Shi, W.; Shan, L.; Yue, W.; Qu, P.; Yin, C.; Mi, Y. Association between Maternal Blood Glucose Levels during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Birth Cohort Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032102

AMA Style

Zhao D, Liu D, Shi W, Shan L, Yue W, Qu P, Yin C, Mi Y. Association between Maternal Blood Glucose Levels during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Birth Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032102

Chicago/Turabian Style

Zhao, Doudou, Danmeng Liu, Wenhao Shi, Li Shan, Wentao Yue, Pengfei Qu, Chenghong Yin, and Yang Mi. 2023. "Association between Maternal Blood Glucose Levels during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Birth Cohort Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032102

APA Style

Zhao, D., Liu, D., Shi, W., Shan, L., Yue, W., Qu, P., Yin, C., & Mi, Y. (2023). Association between Maternal Blood Glucose Levels during Pregnancy and Birth Outcomes: A Birth Cohort Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2102. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032102

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