The Effects of Winter Parks in Cold Regions on Cognition Recovery and Emotion Improvement of Older Adults: An Empirical Study of Changchun Parks
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Sites
2.2. Study Procedure
2.3. Measures
2.3.1. Cognition and Emotion Measurements
2.3.2. Determination of Park Characteristics and Behaviors
2.3.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Statistics of Experimental Results
3.2.1. Cognition Recovery Results
3.2.2. Emotion Improvement Results
3.3. Individual Level Analysis: Differences in Mental Health Restorative Effects of Different Gender, Age, Living, Physiological Health and Customary
3.4. Park Level Analysis: Differences in Mental Health Restorative Effects of Different Park Types and Characteristics
3.5. Behavior Level Analysis: Differences in Restorative Effects of Mental Health with Different Behaviors
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects on Cognitive Recovery and Emotion Improvement of Older Adults in Winter Parks
4.2. Individual, Park, Behavior Characteristics and Mental Restorative Effects
4.2.1. Individual Conditions of Older Adults and Mental Restorative Effects
4.2.2. Park Characteristics and Mental Restorative Effects
4.2.3. Use Behaviors, Park Characteristics and Mental Restorative Effects
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Park Name | District | Park Type | Year of Construction | Area (ha) |
---|---|---|---|---|
CC Park | Lvyuan District | Comprehensive Park | 1999 | 66 |
SL Park | Kuancheng District | Comprehensive Park | 1915 | 24.5 |
LD Park | Erdao District | Comprehensive Park | 1936 | 16.5 |
DS Park | Qikai District | Community Park | 1997 | 8.5 |
JJ Park | Qikai District | Square | 2003 | 18.8 |
KC Park | Kuancheng District | Square | 2007 | 15.26 |
Variable Type | Data Source | ||
---|---|---|---|
Park characteristics | P1: Total area (ha) | Categorical (<10 ha, 10–20 ha and >20 ha)/Continuous | Auto CAD map/site visit |
P2: Total pathway (width >3.5 m) length (km) | Categorical (<1 km, 1–2 km and >2 km)/Continuous | ||
P3: Total square (>1000 m2) area (ha) | Categorical (<0.5 ha, 0.5–1 ha and >1 ha)/Continuous | ||
P4: Total fitness equipment space area (ha) | Categorical (<0.4 ha, 0.4–0.6 ha and >0.6 ha)/Continuous | ||
P5: Evergreen vegetation area (ha) | Categorical (<1 ha, 1–2 ha and >2 ha)/Continuous | ||
P6: Presence of water | Categorical (0 = without, 1 = with) | ||
P7: Presence of structure | Categorical (0 = without, 1 = with) | ||
Behavior characteristics | B1: Park stay time (min) | Continuous | Pedometer/ behavior observation |
B2: Total MVPA time (min) | Continuous | ||
B3: Behavior type | Categorical (1 = fitness, 2 = entertainment, 3 = leisure) | Questionnaire |
Frequency | Percent | Frequency | Percent | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
S1: Gender | 1. Male | 43 | 46.7 | S3: Suffering from chronic diseases | 1. Yes | 50 | 54.3 |
2. Female | 49 | 53.3 | 0. No | 42 | 45.7 | ||
S2: Age | 1. 60–69 | 47 | 51.1 | S4: Living conditions | 1. Living with spouse | 61 | 66.3 |
2. 70–79 | 41 | 44.6 | 2. Living with spouse and children | 11 | 12.0 | ||
3. >79 | 4 | 4.3 | 3. Living with children | 10 | 10.9 | ||
S6: Park visit frequency | 1. Everyday | 18 | 19.6 | 4. Living alone | 10 | 10.9 | |
2. 3–4 times per week | 32 | 34.8 | S5: Living city | 1. Located | 63 | 68.5 | |
3. 1–2 times per week | 33 | 35.8 | 0. Relocated | 29 | 31.5 | ||
4. Very occasionally | 9 | 9.8 | P6: Presence of water | 0. Without | 1 | 16.7 | |
B3: Behavior type | 1. Fitness | 57 | 61.9 | 1. With | 5 | 83.3 | |
2. Entertainment | 24 | 26.1 | P7: Presence of structure | 0. Without | 3 | 50 | |
3. Leisure | 11 | 12 | 1. With | 3 | 50 | ||
Min | Max | M | SD | ||||
P1: Total area(ha) | 8.50 | 66.00 | 24.927 | 20.780 | |||
P2: Total pathway (width > 3.5 m) length(km) | 1.45 | 7.22 | 2.795 | 2.248 | |||
P3: Total square(>1000 m2) area(ha) | 0.31 | 1.50 | 0.820 | 0.476 | |||
P4: Total fitness equipment space area(ha) | 0.16 | 0.75 | 0.463 | 0.231 | |||
P5: Evergreen vegetation area(ha) | 0.18 | 2.46 | 1.102 | 0.923 | |||
B1: Park stay time(min) | 26.00 | 70.00 | 42.804 | 9.813 | |||
B2: Total MVPA time(min) | 0.00 | 46.00 | 19.870 | 13.667 |
Paired Differences | t | df | Sig. (2-Tailed) | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Deviation | Std. Error Mean | 95% Confidence Interval of the Difference | ||||||
Lower | Upper | ||||||||
1 | DSF score change | 0.239 | 0.790 | 0.082 | 0.076 | 0.403 | 2.905 ** | 91 | 0.005 |
2 | DSB score change | 0.163 | 0.700 | 0.073 | 0.018 | 0.308 | 2.235 ** | 91 | 0.028 |
M | F | p | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Comprehensive Park | Community Park | Square | |||
DSF | 0.31 | 0.25 | 0.05 | 0.768 | 0.467 |
DSB | 0.38 | 0.05 | −0.30 | 8.431 | 0.000 *** |
E1 | 1.67 | 0.90 | 1.55 | 3.30 | 0.041 ** |
E2 | 2.31 | 1.75 | 1.50 | 3.886 | 0.024 ** |
E3 | 2.29 | 1.65 | 1.45 | 4.876 | 0.010 ** |
E4 | 1.31 | 0.80 | 0.65 | 3.708 | 0.028 ** |
E5 | 1.42 | 0.60 | 0.25 | 10.235 | 0.000 *** |
E6 | −0.23 | 0.00 | −0.10 | 2.192 | 0.118 |
E7 | −0.58 | −0.10 | −0.10 | 6.305 | 0.003 ** |
E8 | −0.40 | −0.20 | −0.10 | 2.374 | 0.102 |
E9 | −0.62 | −0.15 | −0.25 | 4.612 | 0.012 ** |
E10 | −0.96 | −0.65 | 0.00 | 6.174 | 0.003 ** |
Variables | Coef. (B) | SE | St. Coef. (β) | t | Sig. | Overall Model | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive recovery | (constant) | −0.339 | 0.170 | −1.996 | 0.049 | R2 = 0.095 Sig. = 0.026 | |
P5 | 0.218 | 0.078 | 0.279 | 2.779 | 0.007 | ||
P6 | 0.262 | 0.116 | 0.227 | 2.266 | 0.026 | ||
Emotional improvement | (constant) | 0.319 | 0.082 | 3.872 | 0.000 | R2 = 0.104 Sig. = 0.001 | |
P2 | 0.383 | 0.045 | 0.669 | 8.549 | 0.000 |
M | F | p | M | F | p | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
<10 | 10–20 | >20 | <10 | 10–20 | >20 | |||||||
P1 | DSF | 0.25 | 0.19 | 0.28 | 0.101 | 0.904 | DSB | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.44 | 5.406 | 0.006 ** |
E1 | 0.90 | 1.36 | 1.92 | 5.560 | 0.005 ** | E6 | 0.00 | −0.25 | −0.14 | 2.124 | 0.126 | |
E2 | 1.75 | 1.64 | 2.53 | 5.773 | 0.004 ** | E7 | −0.10 | −0.33 | −0.56 | 3.158 | 0.047 ** | |
E3 | 1.65 | 1.50 | 2.61 | 10.599 | 0.000 *** | E8 | −0.20 | −0.14 | −0.50 | 4.013 | 0.021 ** | |
E4 | 0.80 | 0.72 | 1.53 | 6.637 | 0.002 ** | E9 | −0.15 | −0.36 | −0.67 | 4.298 | 0.017 ** | |
E5 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 1.56 | 7.827 | 0.001 *** | E10 | −0.65 | −0.25 | −1.14 | 6.634 | 0.002 ** | |
P2 | <2 | 2–4 | >4 | F | p | <2 | 2–4 | >4 | F | p | ||
DSF | 0.21 | 0.21 | 0.32 | 0.142 | 0.868 | DSB | −0.02 | 0.43 | 0.45 | 5.234 | 0.007 ** | |
E1 | 1.20 | 2.29 | 1.68 | 5.732 | 0.005 ** | E6 | −0.16 | 0.00 | −0.23 | 1.156 | 0.320 | |
E2 | 1.68 | 2.64 | 2.45 | 5.833 | 0.004 ** | E7 | −0.25 | −0.21 | −0.77 | 5.713 | 0.005 ** | |
E3 | 1.55 | 2.07 | 2.95 | 14.198 | 0.000 *** | E8 | −0.16 | −0.29 | −0.64 | 5.784 | 0.004 ** | |
E4 | 0.75 | 0.93 | 1.91 | 11.766 | 0.000 *** | E9 | −0.29 | −0.36 | −0.86 | 6.424 | 0.002 ** | |
E5 | 0.63 | 0.79 | 2.05 | 15.339 | 0.000 *** | E10 | −0.39 | −1.0 | −1.23 | 5.785 | 0.004 ** | |
P3 | <0.4 | 0.4–0.6 | >0.6 | F | p | <0.4 | 0.4–0.6 | >0.6 | F | p | ||
DSF | 0.19 | 0.24 | 0.32 | 0.165 | 0.848 | DSB | −0.06 | 0.21 | 0.45 | 3.973 | 0.022 ** | |
E1 | 1.36 | 1.47 | 1.68 | 0.499 | 0.609 | E6 | −0.25 | 0.00 | −0.23 | 3.364 | 0.039 ** | |
E2 | 1.64 | 2.12 | 2.45 | 3.338 | 0.040 ** | E7 | −0.33 | −0.15 | −0.77 | 6.536 | 0.002 ** | |
E3 | 1.50 | 1.82 | 2.95 | 13.502 | 0.000 *** | E8 | −0.14 | −0.24 | −0.64 | 5.761 | 0.004 ** | |
E4 | 0.72 | 0.85 | 1.91 | 11.725 | 0.000 *** | E9 | −0.36 | −0.24 | −0.86 | 6.726 | 0.002 ** | |
E5 | 0.64 | 0.68 | 2.05 | 15.172 | 0.000 *** | E10 | −0.25 | −0.79 | −1.23 | 6.333 | 0.003 ** | |
P4 | <0.5 | 0.5–1 | >1 | F | p | <0.5 | 0.5–1 | >1 | F | p | ||
DSF | 0.30 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.215 | 0.807 | DSB | 0.33 | −0.03 | 0.19 | 2.142 | 0.123 | |
E1 | 1.67 | 1.33 | 1.44 | 0.621 | 0.311 ** | E6 | −0.23 | −0.03 | −0.19 | 1.710 | 0.187 | |
E2 | 2.20 | 1.57 | 2.25 | 3.016 | 0.054 * | E7 | −0.43 | −0.10 | −0.56 | 4.097 | 0.020 ** | |
E3 | 1.80 | 1.57 | 2.50 | 5.744 | 0.005 ** | E8 | −0.23 | −0.13 | −0.50 | 3.461 | 0.036 ** | |
E4 | 0.87 | 0.73 | 1.53 | 5.569 | 0.005 ** | E9 | −0.43 | −0.20 | −0.66 | 3.642 | 0.030 ** | |
E5 | 0.97 | 0.50 | 1.47 | 5.760 | 0.004 ** | E10 | −0.77 | −0.37 | −0.91 | 2.036 | 0.137 | |
P5 | <1 | 1–2 | >2 | F | p | <1 | 1–2 | >2 | F | p | ||
DSF | 0.15 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.579 | 0.562 | DSB | −0.13 | 0.37 | 0.43 | 6.804 | 0.002 ** | |
E1 | 1.23 | 1.45 | 2.29 | 4.530 | 0.013 ** | E6 | −0.05 | −0.32 | 0.00 | 0.4.859 | 0.010 ** | |
E2 | 1.63 | 2.18 | 2.64 | 4.471 | 0.014 ** | E7 | −0.10 | −0.71 | −0.21 | 10.095 | 0.000 *** | |
E3 | 1.55 | 2.37 | 2.07 | 5.090 | 0.008 ** | E8 | −0.15 | −0.45 | −0.29 | 2.614 | 0.079 * | |
E4 | 0.73 | 1.45 | 0.93 | 5.029 | 0.009 ** | E9 | −0.20 | −0.71 | −0.36 | 6.157 | 0.003 ** | |
E5 | 0.43 | 1.66 | 0.79 | 13.948 | 0.000 *** | E10 | −0.33 | −0.95 | −0.10 | 4.062 | 0.021 ** | |
P6 | 1 | 0 | T | Sig. | 1 | 0 | T | Sig. | ||||
DSF | 0.24 | 0.25 | −0.069 | 0.945 | DSB | 0.19 | 0.05 | 0.815 | 0.417 | |||
E1 | 1.64 | 0.90 | 2.549 | 0.013 ** | E6 | −0.19 | 0.00 | −3.345 | 0.001 *** | |||
E2 | 2.08 | 1.75 | 1.068 | 0.288 | E7 | −0.44 | −0.10 | −3.128 | 0.003 ** | |||
E3 | 2.06 | 1.65 | 1.354 | 0.179 | E8 | −0.32 | −0.20 | −0.807 | 0.422 | |||
E4 | 1.12 | 0.80 | 1.213 | 0.228 | E9 | −0.51 | −0.15 | −2.639 | 0.011 ** | |||
E5 | 1.10 | 0.60 | 1.682 | 0.096 * | E10 | −0.69 | −0.65 | −0.159 | 0.874 | |||
P7 | 1 | 0 | T | Sig. | 1 | 0 | T | Sig. | ||||
DSF | 0.31 | 0.12 | 1.132 | 0.261 | DSB | 0.26 | 0.00 | 1.730 | 0.087 * | |||
E1 | 1.26 | 1.85 | −2.389 | 0.019 ** | E6 | −0.21 | −0.06 | −1.855 | 0.067 * | |||
E2 | 2.03 | 1.97 | 0.238 | 0.812 | E7 | −0.50 | −0.15 | −2.958 | 0.004 ** | |||
E3 | 2.12 | 1.71 | 1.628 | 0.107 | E8 | −0.36 | −0.18 | −1.688 | 0.095 * | |||
E4 | 1.22 | 0.76 | 2.287 | 0.025 ** | E9 | −0.52 | −0.29 | −1.668 | 0.099 * | |||
E5 | 1.29 | 0.47 | 3.784 | 0.000 *** | E10 | −0.84 | −0.41 | −1.849 | 0.068 * |
Variables | Coef. (B) | SE | St. Coef. (β) | t | Sig. | Overall Model | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Cognitive recovery | (Constant) | −0.391 | 0.362 | −1.080 | 0.283 | R2 = 0.061 Sig. = 0.061 | |
P1 | 0.013 ** | 0.006 | 0.227 ** | 2.147 | 0.035 | ||
Emotional improvement | (Constant) | 0.323 | 0.308 | 1.050 | 0.297 | R2 = 0.087 Sig. = 0.017 | |
P2 | 0.009 ** | 0.004 | 0.254 ** | 2.455 | 0.016 |
B1 | B2 | B1 | B2 | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
DSF | 0.148 | −0.151 | DSB | 0.147 | −0.014 |
E1 | −0.134 | 0.039 | E6 | −0.141 | −0.210 ** |
E2 | 0.112 | 0.053 | E7 | −0.237 ** | −0.080 |
E3 | −0.012 | 0.108 | E8 | −0.091 | −0.213 ** |
E4 | 0.150 | 0.061 | E9 | −0.072 | −0.178 * |
E5 | 0.138 | 0.328 *** | E10 | −0.206 ** | −0.185 * |
P1 | P2 | P3 | P4 | P5 | P6 | P7 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
B1 | 0.920 | 3.840 ** | 3.494 ** | 0.797 | 11.393 *** | 0.028 | 4.883 *** |
B2 | 3.294 ** | 3.505 ** | 3.347 ** | 4.219 ** | 2.952 * | 1.961 * | 0.560 |
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Yan, T.; Leng, H.; Yuan, Q. The Effects of Winter Parks in Cold Regions on Cognition Recovery and Emotion Improvement of Older Adults: An Empirical Study of Changchun Parks. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032135
Yan T, Leng H, Yuan Q. The Effects of Winter Parks in Cold Regions on Cognition Recovery and Emotion Improvement of Older Adults: An Empirical Study of Changchun Parks. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032135
Chicago/Turabian StyleYan, Tianjiao, Hong Leng, and Qing Yuan. 2023. "The Effects of Winter Parks in Cold Regions on Cognition Recovery and Emotion Improvement of Older Adults: An Empirical Study of Changchun Parks" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2135. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032135