Long-Term Vegetation Changes and Socioeconomic Effects of River Engineering in Industrialized Areas (Southern Poland)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Cartographical Analyses
2.3. Vegetation Analyses
2.3.1. Vegetation Community Analyses
2.3.2. Floristic Inventory
2.3.3. Ecological Requirements of Species
3. Results
3.1. Forest Communities
3.2. Floristic Diversity and Ecological Indicator Values
4. Discussion
4.1. Diversity of Rush Communities
4.2. Forest Vegetation Transformation
4.3. Flora Diversity and Ecological Parameters
4.4. Socioeconomic Aspects of Valley Use
5. Conclusions
- As a result of engineering work during the creation of the new channel, oxbow lakes were filled in, side arms were cut off, ponds were created in floodplains, a mosaic of wetlands was eliminated, and dry areas were created, which affected the diversity of flora. This effect on diversity is short-lived: after the formation of the climax communities, early-season species will be replaced by late-season species.
- After the riverbed had been moved to a new location, and the associated construction work had been completed, the vegetation cover associated with wet habitats such as wet meadows, marshes and thickets and riparian forests was completely destroyed.
- The formed and leveled land was reclaimed for forestry, and an artificial mixed forest is now developing. Despite its anthropogenic nature, it is species rich due to the presence of a habitat mosaic associated with the variability of the terrain (open sunny surface, water-filled depressions).
- The remarkable share of species diagnostic for the Vaccinio-Piceetea class and the Dicrano-Pinon association in the artificial phytocenoses of mixed forests indicates the transformation of these systems towards pine forests of the Leucobryo-Pinetum type.
- On a fragment of the unregulated Biała Przemsza River with natural relief, an alder riparian forest is developing. It is characterized by the presence of species diagnostic for this type of ecological system, indicating that despite its proximity to a regulated section, it is functioning properly.
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Number of Relevé | 1 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location of Relevé | Transect I | Transect II | |||||||
Density of tree layer a [%] | 60 | 80 | 90 | - | 90 | 30 | 80 | 90 | 80 |
Density of shrub layer b [%] | 5 | 60 | 10 | - | 60 | 10 | 5 | 5 | 10 |
Cover of herb layer c [%] | 30 | 10 | 10 | 90 | - | 70 | 10 | 5 | 5 |
Cover of mosses layer d [%] | 5 | - | - | - | - | - | - | - | |
Area of relevé in m2 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
Mean diameter of trees [cm] | 20 | 28 | 22 | - | 15 | - | 30 | 15 | 20 |
Height of highest tree [m] | 20 | 25 | 15 | - | 15 | - | 20 | 15 | 20 |
Number species in relevé | 39 | 21 | 18 | 12 | 11 | 23 | 23 | 13 | 28 |
I. Ch Cl. Vaccinio-Piceetea + Dicrano-Pinon | |||||||||
Pinus sylvestris a | 2 | 2 | 5 | . | + | . | 4 | 5 | 4 |
Pinus sylvestris b | + | + | + | . | . | . | 1 | + | + |
Pinus sylvestris c | + | + | + | . | . | + | + | + | |
Pyrola minor c | + | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + |
Pyrola rotundifolia c | + | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | + |
Vaccinium vitis-idaea c | + | + | + | . | . | . | + | + | |
Deschampsia flexuosa c | + | . | + | . | . | . | + | . | + |
Chimaphila umbellata c | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | + |
II. Ch Cl. Koelerio glaucae-Corynephoretea canescentis | |||||||||
Armeria elongata c | 1 | + | . | . | . | . | + | + | . |
Cardaminopsis arenosa c | + | . | . | 1 | . | + | . | + | + |
Corynephorus canescens c | 1 | + | . | + | . | + | + | . | . |
Festuca ovina c | + | 1 | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | + |
Jasione montana c | + | . | . | . | . | . | + | + | + |
Hieracium pilosella c | + | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | + | + |
Rumex acetosella c | + | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | + |
Thymus pulegioides c | 2 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . |
Polytrichum piliferum d | + | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . |
III. Ch. Cl. Molinio-Arrhenatheretea | |||||||||
Leontodon hispidus c | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Holcus lanatus c | + | . | + | . | . | . | . | . | + |
Plantago lanceolata c | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Prunella vulgaris c | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Euphrasia rostkoviana c | + | + | + | . | . | . | + | . | . |
Achillea millefolium c | + | . | . | . | . | + | . | . | + |
Molinia caerulea c | . | + | . | . | . | 1 | + | . | + |
IV. Accompanying species | |||||||||
Acer platanoides a | + | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Acer pseudoplatanus a | + | . | . | . | + | . | . | . | . |
Betula pendula a | 3 | 3 | 1 | . | . | 1 | + | 1 | 1 |
Quercus robur a | . | + | + | . | . | + | . | . | + |
Quercus rubra a | . | 1 | + | + | . | . | . | . | 1 |
Populus tremula a | . | + | + | + | 5 | . | . | + | . |
Populus nigra a | 1 | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . |
Robinia pseudacacia a | . | 1 | . | . | + | . | . | + | + |
Frangula alnus b | . | + | 2 | . | . | 2 | . | + | 1 |
Padus serotina a | . | . | . | . | . | 1 | . | . | + |
Padus serotina b | 1 | 3 | 1 | . | 3 | + | . | 1 | 1 |
Viburnum opulus b | . | . | . | . | + | + | . | . | . |
Agrostit canina c | 3 | . | . | 2 | . | 3 | . | . | + |
Carex hirta c | 2 | . | . | 2 | . | . | + | + | .+ |
Calamagrostis epigejos c | 1 | + | + | 1 | . | + | . | + | + |
Phragmites australis c | . | . | . | 4 | . | 1 | . | . | . |
Potentilla argentea c | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | + | . | . |
Rubus fruticosus c | 1 | . | . | . | . | . | . | . | + |
Sporadic species:Agrostis stolonifera 1c(+); Arenaria serpyllifolia 1c(+); Viola tricolor 1c(+); Scabiosa ochroleuca 1c(+), 9(+); Silene vulgaris 1c(+); Galium mollugo 1c(+), 6 (+); Rumex crispus 1c(+); Geranium pratense 1c(+); Cirsium arvense 1c(+); Lysimachia vulgaris 2c(1), 3c(+), 9(+); Cirsium oleraceum 2c(1), 3c(+); Aegopodium podagraria 2c(1), 3(1); Eupatorium cannabinum 2c(+), 3(1); Agrimonia eupatoria 2c(+); Chaerophyllum aromaticum 2c(+); Equisetum arvense 2c(+); Galeopsis tetrahit 2c(+); Humulus lupulus 2c(+), 4(+); Iris pseudacorus 2c(+), 3(1); Peucedanum oreoselinum 2c(+), Heracleum sphondylium 3c(+); Salix caprea 4b(1); Dryopteris filix-mas 4c(+); Sorbus aucuparia b 4(+), 6(+), 9(+); Ligustrum vulgare b 4(+); Hieracium lachenalii 5c (+); Salix rosmarinifolia 6b(1), 9 (+); Erigeron canadensis 6c(+); Echium vulgare 6c(+); Lupinus polyphyllus 6c(+); Salix acutifoilia 7b(+); Dianthus deltoides 7c(+); Hypericum maculatum 7c (+); Sedum acre 7,8c(+); Erigeron acris 7c(+); Rhinanthus minor 7c(+);Cytisus scoparius 7c,9 (+); Cornus sanguinea 9b(+); Daucus carota 9c(+); Hypericum perforatum 9c(+). |
Number of Relevé | 1 | 5 | 6 | 3 | 4 | 2 | 7 | 8 | 9 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simpson’s Index of Diversity: 1–D | 0.86 | 0.76 | 0.46 | 0.7 | 0.48 | 0.8 | 0.45 | 0.21 | 0.46 |
Number of Relevé | 1 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Location of Relevé | Transect III | ||||
Density of tree layer a [%] | 80 | 90 | 80 | 80 | 60 |
Density of shrub layer b [%] | 40 | 10 | 10 | 15 | 20 |
Cover of herb layer c [%] | 30 | 60 | 50 | 40 | 30 |
Cover of mosses layer d [%] | - | - | - | - | |
Area of relevé in m2 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 | 200 |
Mean diameter of trees [cm] | 40 | 60 | 70- | 30 | 30 |
Height of highest tree [m] | 20 | 15 | 20 | 25 | 25 |
Number species in relevé | 31 | 19 | 22 | 21 | 27 |
I. Ch. DAss. Faraxino-Alnetum | |||||
Frangula alnus b | 1 | + | 1 | + | + |
Lycopus europaeus c | 1 | . | + | . | . |
Solanum dulcama c | + | + | . | . | + |
Scutellaria galericulata | + | + | . | . | . |
Iris pseudacorus c | + | . | . | 3 | 1 |
Galium palustre | . | . | + | . | + |
Lysimachia vulgaris c | + | . | 1 | . | 1 |
II. ChAll. Alno-Ulmion + ChCl. Querco-Fagetea | |||||
Alnus glutinosa a | 4 | 4 | 4 | 3 | 3 |
Alnus glutinosa b | + | + | + | 1 | 1 |
Fraxinus exelsior a | + | + | + | 1 | + |
Padus avium b | + | . | + | . | . |
Aegopodium podagraria c | 1 | . | + | 1 | + |
Carex elongata c | 2 | 1 | + | + | 2 |
Scirpus sylvaticus c | 3 | + | 1 | . | 1 |
Humulus lupulus c | 2 | 2 | + | + | + |
Phragmites australis | . | . | + | . | 1 |
III. Ch. Salicetea purpurea + Salicion albae | |||||
Salix alba a | + | 1 | + | + | 2 |
Salix fragilis a | 1 | + | 1 | + | + |
Phalaris arundinacea c | + | + | . | . | . |
IV. Accompanying species | |||||
Betula pendula a | 3 | . | . | 3 | 1 |
Populus tremula a | . | 5 | + | + | . |
Pinus sylvestris a | . | . | . | 1 | + |
Padus serotina b | 1 | . | . | 1 | + |
Sambucus nigra b | 1 | . | + | 1 | + |
Viburnum opulus b | + | + | + | + | + |
Eupatorium cannabinum c | 1 | 1 | + | + | 1 |
Cirsium oleraceum c | 1 | . | 1 | . | + |
Chaerophyllum aromaticum c | + | . | 1 | + | + |
Carex gracilis c | 1 | 1 | . | 2 | + |
Galeopsis tetrahit | . | + | + | + | . |
Rubus fruticosus c | 1 | + | 1 | + | + |
Sporadic species: Rhamnus cathartica 1b (+); Valeriana officinalis 1c (+); Urtica dioica 1c (+), Agrostis stolonifera 2c (+); Galium aparine 1c (+); Geranium robertianum 2c (+); Impatiens noli-tangere 1c (+); Rubus caesius 1c (+); Equisetum palustre 2c (+); Salix rosmarinifolia 4b (1), Salix caprea 4b (+), Stellaria nemorum 5c (+) |
Number of Relevé | 1 | 4 | 3 | 5 | 2 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Simpson’s Index of Diversity: 1–D | 0.78 | 0.68 | 0.59 | 0.83 | 0.82 |
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Rahmonov, O.; Dragan, W.; Cabała, J.; Krzysztofik, R. Long-Term Vegetation Changes and Socioeconomic Effects of River Engineering in Industrialized Areas (Southern Poland). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032255
Rahmonov O, Dragan W, Cabała J, Krzysztofik R. Long-Term Vegetation Changes and Socioeconomic Effects of River Engineering in Industrialized Areas (Southern Poland). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032255
Chicago/Turabian StyleRahmonov, Oimahmad, Weronika Dragan, Jerzy Cabała, and Robert Krzysztofik. 2023. "Long-Term Vegetation Changes and Socioeconomic Effects of River Engineering in Industrialized Areas (Southern Poland)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2255. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032255