Body Image Assessment Tools in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Search Strategy
2.2. Selection of Studies
2.3. Exclusion Criteria
2.4. Data Extraction
2.5. Quality Analysis of the Studies
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Population | Intervention | Comparation | Outcomes |
---|---|---|---|
Pregnancy | Body image | - | Psychometrics |
((Pregnant Women) OR (Woman, Pregnant) OR (Pregnancy)) | ((Body image) OR (Positive Body image) OR (Body satisfaction) OR (Body Images) OR (Image, Body) OR (Body Identity) OR (Identity, Body) OR (Body Representation) OR (Representation, Body) OR (Body Schema) OR (Body Schemas) OR (Schema, Body) OR (Concept, Self) OR (Self-Perception) OR (Self-Perceptions) OR (Self Perception) OR (Perception, Self) OR (Perceptions, Self) OR (Self Perceptions) OR (Self Confidence) (Confidence, Self) OR (Self Esteem) OR (Esteem, Self) OR (Self Esteems)) | - | ((Psychological Tests) OR (Psychometrics) OR (Psychometric) OR (Validation Studies) OR (Validation study) OR (Psychologic Tests) OR (Psychologic Test) OR (Test, Psychologic) OR (Tests, Psychologic) OR (Tests, Psychological) OR (Psychological Test) OR (Test, Psychological)) |
Reference | Country | Instrument | Type | Number of Items | Aspect of the BI Evaluated | Sample Information | Factor Structure | Internal Consistency | Convergent Validity | Tests | Quality Analysis (N/%) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Fuller-Tyszkiewicz et al. [34] | Australia | Body Attitudes Questionnaire (BAQ) | Validation | 44 | Body dissatisfaction Subscales: feeling fat; strength and fitness; weight/shape salience; attractiveness | 176 pregnant, 148 nonpregnant; pregnant: 30.77 years old (SD: ±4.31); nonpregnant: 27.06 years old (SD: ±6.24) | CFA | Cronbach’s α Test–retest (T1; T2; T3 at 8 week intervals) | - | - | 35/83.3 |
Kirk; Preston. [3] | UK | Body Understanding Measure for Pregnancy Scale (BUMPs) | Development | 19 | Body dissatisfaction Subscales: satisfaction with appearing pregnant; concerns about weight gain; physical burdens of pregnancy | 378 pregnant EFA: 31.5 years old (SD: ±4.78); gestational period: 26.86 weeks (SD: ±9.33); trimesters: 1st: 12%; 2nd: 35%; 3rd: 53% CFA: 32.28 years old (SD: ±4.37); gestational period: 25.99 weeks (SD: ±9.13); trimesters: 1st: 12%; 2nd: 41%; 3rd: 47% | EFA CFA | Cronbach’s α McDonald’s ω Test–retest | Body Cathexis Scale; relationship satisfaction; anxiety and depression; antenatal attachment; interoception | BCS; QMI; HAD. MAIA; MAAS | 39/92.8 |
Meireles et al. [26] | Brazil | Self-Acceptance Scales for Pregnant Women (SAS-PW) | Development | 10 | Self-acceptance Subscales: body acceptance; pregnancy acceptance | 1288 pregnant; EFA: 800 pregnant; CFA: 454 pregnant; 29 years old (SD: ±4.77); trimesters: 1st: 11.8%; 2nd: 39.6%; 3rd: 48.6% | EFA CFA | Cronbach’s α | Body appreciation; self-esteem; depression | BAS; RSES; BDI | 41/97.6 |
Mudra et al. [29] | Germany | Pregnancy-related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised 2 (PRAQ-R2) | Validation | 10 | Anxiety Subscale: concerns about one’s own appearance | 360 pregnant; 32.75 years old (SD: ±3.77); Gestational period: 38.59 months (SD: ±1.81); 3rd trimester | EFA CFA | Cronbach’s α | Pregnancy-specific worries; general state and trait anxiety; symptoms of social phobia; symptoms of generalized anxiety disorder; depressive symptoms | CWS; STAI-S/T; Mini-SPIN; GAD; EPDS | 40/95.2 |
Nagl et al. [30] | Germany | Body Image in Pregnancy Scale (BIPS-G) | Validation | 32 | Body image Subscales: preoccupation with one’s appearance; dissatisfaction with strengths-related aspects; dissatisfaction with one’s body parts; dissatisfaction with one’s complexion; prioritization of appearance over function; concerns about sexual attractiveness | 291 pregnant; 31.26 years old (SD: ±4.17); Gestational period: 26.08 weeks (SD: ±9.77); Trimesters: 1st: 14%; 2nd: 30%; 3rd: 56% | EFA | Cronbach’s α | Body dissatisfaction; depression; anxiety; self-esteem; eating disorder psychopathology | BSQ; EPDS; GAD; RSES; EDE-Q. | 37/88.1 |
Oliveira; Carvalho; Veiga. [27] | Brazil | Body Image in Pregnancy Scale (BIPS) | Validation | 36 | Body image Subscales: preoccupation with one’s appearance; dissatisfaction with strengths-related aspects of one’s body; dissatisfaction with one’s complexion; attractiveness; prioritization of appearance over function; dissatisfaction with one’s body parts | 180 pregnant; 29.89 years old (SD: ±5.63); Trimesters: 1st: 14.4%; 2nd: 38%; 3rd: 47.6% | EFA | Cronbach’s α | - | - | 34/80.9 |
Talmon; Ginzburg. [31] | Israel | Body Experience during Pregnancy Scale | Development | 28 | Subscales: body agency; body estrangement; body visibility | 796 pregnant EFA: 423 pregnant 30.82 years old (SD: ±4.64); Trimesters: 1st: 11.8%; 2nd: 28.2%; 3rd: 60%; CFA: 373 pregnant 30.58 years old (SD: ±4.74); Trimesters: 1st: 9.7%; 2nd: 34.6%; 3rd: 55.8% | EFA CFA | Cronbach’s α | Disrupted body boundaries; body shame; positive and negative affect; life satisfaction; depression; self-rated health | BBS; ESS; PANAS; SWLS; EPDS; direct question: “How would you define your current physical health status?” | 36/85.7 |
Tsuchiya; Yasui; Ohashi. [33] | Japan | Figure Rating Scale (FRS) | Development | 2 | Body dissatisfaction | 161 pregnant; 33.2 years old (SD: ±3.68); Gestational period: 22 weeks (SD: ±1.56) 2nd trimester | - | - | - | - | 30/71.4 |
Uçar et al. [28] | Turkey | Body Image Concerns during Pregnancy Scale | Development | 23 | Body image concerns during pregnancy Subscales: avoidance and social concerns; concerns about weight gain; concerns about the future; concerns about one’s physical appearance | 320 pregnant; 27.5 years old (SD: ±4.7); Gestational period: 28.8 weeks (SD: ±7.2); 2nd and 3rd trimesters | EFA | Cronbach’s α | - | - | 35/83.3 |
Watson et al. [24] | USA | Body Image in Pregnancy Scale (BIPS) | Development | 36 | Body image Subscales: preoccupation with one’s physical appearance; dissatisfaction with physical strength; dissatisfaction with facial features; sexual attractiveness; prioritizing physical appearance over body functions; appearance-related behavioral avoidance; dissatisfaction with one’s body parts | 251 pregnant; 30 years old (SD: ±4.34); Gestational period: 24.22 weeks (SD: ±8.58); 1st, 2nd, and 3rd trimesters | EFA CFA | Cronbach’s α Test-retest | Body attitudes; self-esteem; depressive symptoms | BAQ; RSES; EPDS | 38/90.4 |
Satir; Hazar. [11] | Turkey | Body Understanding Measure for Pregnancy Scale (BUMPs) | Validation | 17 | Body dissatisfaction Subscales: concerns about weight gain and physical difficulties; dissatisfaction with appearing pregnant | 265 pregnant; 28.73 years old (SD: ±4.40); Gestational period: 23.49 weeks (SD: ±9.97); Trimesters: 1st: 19.6%; 2nd: 42.3%; 3rd: 38.1% | EFA CFA | Cronbach’s α Test–retest | Body Cathexis Scale | BCS | 40/95.2 |
Sohrabi; Kazemi; Farajzadegan. [32] | Iran | Prenatal Body Image Questionnaire (PBIQ) | Development | 30 | Female body ideals Subscales: fitness and beauty; lower body fat; attention to changes in pregnancy; shame; sexual attractiveness; negative feelings about skin changes; the symbol of motherhood | 300 pregnant; 28.1 years old (SD: ±4.9); Gestational period: 26.4 weeks (SD: ±6.9); Trimesters: 1st: 5%; 2nd: 41%; 3rd: 54% | EFA | Cronbach’s α | Body Attitudes Questionnaire | BAQ | 39/92.8 |
Ruble et al. [25] | Canada and the USA | Childbearing Attitudes Questionnaire (CAQ) | Development | 73 | Subscales: maternal worries; maternal self-confidence; relationship with one’s husband; relationship with one’s mother; body image; identification with pregnancy; feelings about children; negative self-image; attitude toward breastfeeding; pain tolerance; interest in sex; denial; negative aspects of caretaking; feelings of dependency; social boredom; information seeking | 667 pregnant; 29 years old; Planned to get pregnant: 17%; Trimesters: 1st: 8.9%; 2nd: 17.9%; 3rd: 17.5%; 1st month postpartum: 19.3%; 3rd month postpartum: 19.4% | EFA CFA | Cronbach’s α | - | - | 34/80.9 |
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Salzer, E.B.; Meireles, J.F.F.; Toledo, A.F.Â.; de Siqueira, M.R.; Ferreira, M.E.C.; Neves, C.M. Body Image Assessment Tools in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032258
Salzer EB, Meireles JFF, Toledo AFÂ, de Siqueira MR, Ferreira MEC, Neves CM. Body Image Assessment Tools in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032258
Chicago/Turabian StyleSalzer, Eduardo Borba, Juliana Fernandes Filgueiras Meireles, Alesandra Freitas Ângelo Toledo, Marcela Rodrigues de Siqueira, Maria Elisa Caputo Ferreira, and Clara Mockdece Neves. 2023. "Body Image Assessment Tools in Pregnant Women: A Systematic Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032258