Understanding Protective Factors for Men at Risk of Suicide Using the CHIME Framework: The Primacy of Relational Connectedness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Theoretical Underpinnings
2.2. Aims and Study Design
2.3. Participant Recruitment
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. CHIME Domains
3.2.1. Connectedness
- Family Members to Live for
I’ve got two kids and that is always the thing that stands in the way and that, yeah, it’s not something I could do to them…But I would say it at the heart … [I] always talk myself out of it - is the kids…I am really close to both of my kids, so it’s like we are fairly open about. So yeah, so I’ve certainly thought of ways that I would, um, kill myself, so if I didn’t have that to stop me…didn’t have them stop me.[Dan]
I couldn’t put my kids through losing another parent.[Connor]
- Not Wanting to Cause Pain to Others
You know it [suicide] doesn’t solve the problem. It leaves it to somebody else.[Ross]
I know how much it would devastate them, and that’s the last thing in the world I want to do. I’d like to do it, but I know if I do it will affect other people… it doesn’t solve any problems. It just transfers them so somebody else then have to deal with that and those affected.[Matthew]
I feel I could never realistically ever take my life because of my dad and my brother. I can’t complete that cycle, you know, I and I can’t do that to my sisters’ account. Do that to my greater family who have been through it twice before.[Stefan]
If you do this, it’s gonna not just impact your immediate family, it’s going to impact the the wider… the much more extended family and beyond that community, you know.[John]
- Unwavering Support from Social Network
So well, she’s a huge part of my life and she’s put up with a lot of my anxiety and depression for many, many years. Just been incredible support, so without [her] you know I’m I may not be here, I don’t know.[Tom]
My partner helps talk me down.[Justin]
I’ve got a very supportive partner. Most of my friends are, like myself, military veterans so, a fairly strong understanding of trauma and suicide and things like that and, for a group that historically never used to talk about those… they’re [partner] probably more helpful than the most circles of friends, I guess because they all know somebody who has been there, done that.[Ross]
I had some good people around me which was really helpful, a couple of people just in [work] my team here. We could, you know, we could quite easily just turn off work and just go for a coffee and talk about stuff you know.[Darren]
- Helping Professionals
I certainly think that my psychoanalysis helped me.[Joel]
I went on to see that GP and actually [he’s] been amazing. Uh, so he’s sort of acting like a psychiatrist via proxy, like he’s doing all the hard work and you know he’s willing to challenge everything and he certainly makes himself available and his language is open and free.[Stefan]
And talk through all this over a long time with this counsellor and he was brilliant.[Jacob]
My psychologist was largely, relatively available when needed. So, I was able to have regular sessions but also show there were times when I was in crisis. She was able to fit me in within a couple of days. And she bulk-billed.[Justin]
Regarding psychoanalysis as a waste of time, and I don’t see it like that, but I found it quite beneficial. And it was actually through that process and I actually began to recognize a number of my positive and negative strategies of how I come to cope with my experiences as a child.[Joel]
Having a psychiatrist, right, and understanding more about my diagnosis and the reason for... some of the actions and outcomes and pinning them back to a diagnosis allows you to it’s not an excuse, it’s an explanation.[Mitch]
- Connectedness with Peers
Close friend of mine who always invite me to walk his dogs and a dinner with his family...So, I just feel it’s very nice to have a companion that’s actually truthful to you.[Tyler]
For hours and forget about...troubles. It was, yeah, that social interaction with the other boys at the gym.[Nate]
Sit down and have a coffee at the local shopping centre[Justin]
I know a lot of people, but I’m talking about friends, people I can really rely on and I can share stuff with and that you know they’re supportive of me. And you know, they’ll, you know, they’ll tell me where they think I’m stuffing up, so I’d also appreciate that.[Jacob]
A psychologist is like half of the solution. You know the other one is people. You really need people around you. And I’ve got a few mates now that we have a little joke ’cause we call it the Broken Hearts Club. So that is a big part of it. It’s not family. It’s not close friends, because if people haven’t walked down that road, you know, it just means nothing. Blokes in particular don’t want to talk to someone who has no idea what they’re talking about. The only way I, and this is my experience, can feel like I can open up to people is when I know people that have been down that road.[Alec]
The Mankind project is... it’s a voluntary thing, it’s a worldwide organization… It’s been a positive thing in my life. all they do all kinds of training weekends you know around different things, basically bettering yourself. But they also have like what they call, an ‘I group’ usually once a week that you can go to, sit down in a confidential circle and basically making sure that you are accountable... genuine? … I’m still friends with a number of people from the I group. Like some still friends with helped me a lot over the years.[Warren]
Sitting in a group of men having a coffee. You know, saying, uh, you know, if you’re feeling you know that life’s crap, you know it would be…Catching up meeting with ten strangers to have an informal, social things to talk about. Life or not life and just say how are you coping with life at the moment or something and then hanging with other people going oh you know and I think that then gets you out of this echo chamber, which would be and that’s why I didn’t want to go to somebody and more much more formal thing… I suppose that might that have happened in the real world I might have had a bit more contact with friends and then even though we wouldn’t have discussed this, you would have sat there kind of listening to their problems and other things and go OK you know. And I suppose then that gets you looking at not being so insular and everything else and then. And I suppose you become very self very centric. How’s this on me on me on me versus wait a minute? Everybody else has these problems...a reality check[Edgar]
3.2.2. Meaning
- Physical Activity and Being in Nature
Yeah, that’s been my silver lining and I’ve you know through that I’m more active so I’ve got my fitness back. I’ve got healthy, I’ve got fitter or and you know by all that physical activity that’s good that’s allowed me to then you know, be more consistent with gym routines.[Alec]
Exercise was something that really helped me. Obviously. Yeah, mountaineering and hiking is something that I really like to do, and that was sort of my escape[Leo]
I took up running and I find that running is very good for my mental health and I’ve certainly read quite a number of books now with regards to that. Uhm, and it helps, but it doesn’t, you know, completely help.[Chris]
I was involved in a couple of sporting group sporting clubs which helped get my physical and anger out. I was very active in the AFL in going to the footy at least every second week if not more.[Adam]
If I’m out in some open space, I feel like comfortable and safe, and so that’s just a place that I go.[Stefan]
If I’d been part of a group or some form of socializing activity that would have been stopped me becoming isolated. Going out, even if it’s for a walk or ride or talking with people, even if it’s the guy in the shop, it just opens your mind and I’ve felt that maybe if that’s what was really important to be able to instil this need for social interaction. Um, um, no matter how minor it is. I think that that’s what was missing.[Edgar]
- Positive Work Environment
I’ve since gone on to get a new job and, uh, heaps better company with really good people, back in a job that I actually liked doing and I often say to people that’s been the silver lining on this cloud is that I’ve landed in a job that pays me twice as much money. I actually like the job.[Alec]
But I think I’ve got the best job in the whole world. Perhaps that has kept me going. Having a job with you guys, so I actually have the best job in the whole world. I love my job.[Abe]
I got work in the mines and ended up buying a house over there and worked on a ship station and, and a lot of good times and met a lot of good people and sort of turned things around a bit for me and I started coming good.[Connor]
I had some good people around me which was really helpful. A couple of people just in my team here. We could, you know, we could quite easily just turn off work and just go for a coffee and talk about stuff you know. So it was pretty good. It was. But yeah, there were, there were good people around, yeah, but you know, I’d learned over the years to be a bit picky and choosy about who you share with and what you share ’cause not everyone gets it.[Darren]
- Pet Ownership
This and this might sound silly, maybe not, but the two little doggies are amazing. You know they, like, they ground you in a funny sort of way as well.[Darren]
I really have a little Frenchie, so she is pretty much everything to me.[Larry]
Probably sounds a bit silly, but yeah, just my cat. She’s been my support animal since I was two I think.[Luke]
To overcome that pain and those thoughts, hmm, I take my dogs for a walk every morning. Like it’s just my 5 minutes of my time.[Tony]
We’ve got a dog and I take the dog. And I’ve done it with her because he doesn’t command a thing. So, we go for a bit of a walk and then we’ll sit down. Just sit down...she didn’t want to go for a walk anyway, so she’ll just come and sit next to me and we’ll sit. But I find that’s quite helpful.[Chris]
- Faith/Religion
Do you know there’s a big family and they’re not gonna let you crash? And similarly on the faith side of things, you know you, you’ve got that faith ’cause you believe that you know the God you believe in isn’t gonna let you crash over.[Darren]
The value in my faith and very much around the sort of other orientation, and not to disregard my own wellbeing, but not to get fixed and not to just get fixated on me. And to see, you know, other people come and how other people are struggling particularly, and also to accept that phase about life is struggle, which a lot of non-Buddhists don’t understand because they just sort of thinking. Well, you know, it sounds a bit weird. It’s not to say that you seek it out, but you just accept the bad things do happen. The whole idea of Buddhism is to reach enlightenment through meditation. In India, like the power, meditation is incredible.[Nate]
3.2.3. Empowerment
My first port of call is to be able to monitor where I’m going. So I think that’s been helpful in keeping me away, if you like, from anything approaching a suicide attempt up until, I suppose recently. And so that that’s self-agency… I think just my own sort of self-awareness is really important and not turning it into a crisis myself, you know. So that we don’t, I think that to be careful, you know I’m all for men reaching out and getting help but we don’t want to do that at the expense of saying, you know, don’t sort of trash talk self-reliance. That’s probably what I’m getting at because I think that still remains a really important thing and our capacity to be able to handle stuff ourselves and so, you know, I’ve developed those skills over the years.[Jacob]
You had enough inner strength to get yourself through it.[Tyler]
Self-reliance, that’s probably what I’m getting at, ’cause I think that that still remains a really important thing and our capacity to be able to handle stuff ourselves and so you know I’ve developed those skills over the years.[Jacob]
I can use music to kind of change my mood. I’m sorry if I might be like you know, I might come home in a bit of a really upset angry mood or whatever and I can put some music on that will flip me over, so they’ll have like associations to different things and so you can like take my mind to a different place.[Mark]
I just keep myself busy. I threw myself into my music.[Oliver]
Sometimes it’s about reading, so sometimes the things that helped me in strange bizarre ways, actually reading about this stuff. And I guess it just helps for me to reinforce what I’m going through and like. It normalizes what I’m doing or what’s happening to me. So that’s another strategy, so there’s a couple of books.[Mark]
3.2.4. Hope
Realize that there is hope, there is help and there are so many supports. It’s just having the knowledge to tap into it or having the courage to use knowledge to tap into the network of support so you know, first and foremost, that’s exactly how I would, you know, I was giving myself advice.[John]
I hope that people have a purpose for living, and I suppose that gives me a purpose to live.[Abe]
I hope that I am a role model to the other people that buy me putting myself out there and. Yeah, I guess becoming a bit vulnerable, and, inadvertently, that has an effect on others. To be a bit of a role man, I never thought about until then, but I hope that it is that way.[Leo]
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean age (years) | 47.5 R = 18–68 |
Ethnicity (%) | Caucasian = 35 (95) Asian = 1 (2.5) Aboriginal Torres Strait Islander = 1 (2.5) |
Marital status | Married/de facto 18 (49) Single = 10 (27) Separated/divorced = 7 (19) Widowed = 1 (2.5) Unknown = 1 (2.5) |
Sexuality | Heterosexual 32 (86) Homosexual = 3 (8.1) Asexual = 1 (2.7) Questioning = 1 (2.7) |
Living status | With others = 27 (73) Alone = 9 (24) Unstable = 6 (16.2) |
Education | Graduate/undergraduate = 20 (54) High school or less 17 (46) |
Employment status | Employed (full-time) = 15 (41) Employed (part-time) = 4 (11) Unemployed (due to disability) = 10 (27) Retired = 3 (8) Student = 2 (5) Unemployed (not looking for work) = 1 (2.5) Casual work = (2) (5) |
Rural/urban | Inner city = 33 (89) Regional/rural = 4 (11) |
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Share and Cite
Boydell, K.M.; Nicolopoulos, A.; Macdonald, D.; Habak, S.; Christensen, H. Understanding Protective Factors for Men at Risk of Suicide Using the CHIME Framework: The Primacy of Relational Connectedness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032259
Boydell KM, Nicolopoulos A, Macdonald D, Habak S, Christensen H. Understanding Protective Factors for Men at Risk of Suicide Using the CHIME Framework: The Primacy of Relational Connectedness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032259
Chicago/Turabian StyleBoydell, Katherine M., Alexandra Nicolopoulos, Diane Macdonald, Stephanie Habak, and Helen Christensen. 2023. "Understanding Protective Factors for Men at Risk of Suicide Using the CHIME Framework: The Primacy of Relational Connectedness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2259. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032259