Land-Use Planning Serves as a Critical Tool for Improving Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Review of Evaluation Methods and Application
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Evolution of the RECC Concept
3. The RECC Formation Mechanism
4. The RECC Assessment and Measurement Methods
4.1. The Least Limiting Factor Method
4.2. The Multifactor Synthesis Method
4.3. The Pressure-Carrying State Spatial Method
4.4. The Relative Carrying Capacity Evaluation Method
4.5. The Ecological Footprint Evaluation Method
4.6. The System Dynamic Method
5. Interaction Pathways between RECC and LUP
5.1. RECC Evaluation as a Key Tool of LUP
5.2. RECC Improvement Based on LUP
6. Summary and Discussion
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Chen, D.; Zhou, Q.; Yu, L. Response of resources and environment carrying capacity under the evolution of land use structure in Chongqing Section of the Three Gorges Reservoir Area. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 274, 111169. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Peng, T.; Deng, H. Evaluating urban resource and environment carrying capacity by using an innovative indicator system based on eco-civilization—a case study of Guiyang. Environ. Sci. Pollu. Res. 2021, 28, 6941–6955. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Yang, D.; Dang, M.; Sun, L.; Han, F.; Shi, F.; Zhang, H.; Zhang, H. A System Dynamics Model for Urban Residential Building Stock towards Sustainability: The Case of Jinan, China. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 9520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Barisa, A.; Kirsanovs, V.; Safronova, A. Future transport policy designs for biomethane promotion: A system Dynamics model. J. Environ. Manag. 2020, 269, 110842. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Pfaundler, L. The world economy in light of physics (Die Weltwirtschaft im Liche der Physik). Dtsch. Rev. 1902, 22, 29–38. [Google Scholar]
- USDA. Yearbook of the United States Department of Agriculture 1906; Government Printing Office: Washington, DC, USA, 1907. [Google Scholar]
- Schneider, D.; Godschalk, D.R.; Axler, N. The Carrying Capacity Concept as A Planning Tool; American Planning Association: Chicago, IL, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Meadows, D.H.; Meadows, D.L.; Randers, J. The Limits to Growth: A Report for the Club of Rome′s Project on the Predicament of Mankind; Universe Books: New York, NY, USA, 1972. [Google Scholar]
- Rees, W.E. Eco-footprint analysis: Merits and brickbats. Ecol. Econ. 2000, 32, 371–374. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, Q.R.; Yuan, Q.G. Grey virtual water in Chinese industrial exports and its policy implications. World Econ. Study 2014, 8, 42–53. [Google Scholar]
- Lu, H.F.; Ye, Z.; Zhao, X.F. A new emergy index for urban sustainable development. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2003, 23, 1363–1368. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, S.L.; Lai, H.Y.; Lee, C.L. Emergy hierarchy and urban landscape system. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2001, 53, 145–161. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Lu, H.F.; Lan, S.F.; Chen, F.P. Emergy study on dike-pond eco-agricultural engineering modes. Trans. CSAE 2002, 18, 145–150. [Google Scholar]
- Odum, H.T.; Doherty, S.J.; Scatena, F.N.; Al, E. Emergy evaluation of reforestation alternatives in Puerto Rico. For. Sci. 2000, 46, 521–530. [Google Scholar]
- Tilley, D.R.; Swank, W.T. Emergy-based environmental systems assessment of a multi-purpose temperate mixed-forest watershed of the southern Appalachian Mountains, USA. J. Environ. Manag. 2003, 69, 213–227. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Imhoff, M.L.; Bounoua, L.; Ricketts, T.; Loucks, C.; Harriss, R.; Lawrence, W.T. Global patterns in human consumption of net primary production. Nature 2004, 429, 870–873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Assessment, M.E. Ecosystems and human well- being: Biodiversity synthesis. World Resour. Inst. 2005, 42, 77–101. [Google Scholar]
- Running, S.W. A measurable planetary boundary for the biosphere. Science 2012, 337, 1458–1459. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wang, C.Y.; Lin, Z. Strategic Research Agenda 2014: Priorities for a Global Sustainability Research Strategy; China Meteorological Press: Beijing, China, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Feng, Z.M.; Yang, Y.Z.; Yan, H.M.; Fan, T.; Li, P. A review of resources and environment carrying capacity research since the 20 the Century: From theory to practice. Resour. Sci. 2017, 39, 379–395. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, J. Planning of Post-Disaster Reconstruction of Lushan: Resources and Environment Carrying Capacity Evaluation; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2014. [Google Scholar]
- Duan, X.J.; Wang, C.S.; Li, H.P.; Ou, W.X.; Zhang, L.J.; Tian, L.; Su, W.Z.; Wang, Y.Z. Basic logic and framework of the calculation of resources and environment carrying capacity of rural and township development. J. Ecol. Rural Environ. 2021, 37, 817–826. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, A.; Tian, L.; Yu, J.H.; Gao, Y.; Li, Y.F.; Li, Q.; Xiong, B.Y. Comprehensive assessment of resource and environmental carrying capacity of village and town from the perspective of governance. Trans. CSAE 2021, 37, 232–241. [Google Scholar]
- Li, G.P.; Cui, D. Population and economic carrying capacity of urban agglomeration in China and its promotion strategies. Reform 2022, 341, 37–49. [Google Scholar]
- Maltus, T.R. An Essay on the Principle of Population; St Paul’s Church-Yard: London, UK, 1798. [Google Scholar]
- Park, R.F.; Burgoss, E.W. An Introduction to the Science of Sociology; The University of Chicago Press: Chicago, IL, USA, 1921. [Google Scholar]
- Hadwen, I.A.S.; Palmer, L.J. Reindeer in Alaska; US Department of Agriculture: Washington, DC, USA, 1922. [Google Scholar]
- Leopold, A. Game Management; Charles Scribner’s Sons: New York, NY, USA, 1933. [Google Scholar]
- Feng, Z.M.; Li, P. The genesis and evolution of the concept of carrying capacity: A view of natural resources and environment. J. Nat. Resour. 2018, 33, 1475–1489. [Google Scholar]
- Leopold, A. Wildlife in american culture. J. Wildl. Manag. 1943, 7, 1–6. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allan, W. Studies in African Land Usage in Northern Rhodesia; Oxford University Press: Cape Town, Southern Africa, 1949. [Google Scholar]
- UNESCO; FAO. Carrying Capacity Assessment with a Pilot Study of Kenya: A Resource Accounting Methodology for Exploring National Options for Sustainable Development; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 1985. [Google Scholar]
- FAO. Potential Population Supporting Capacities of Lands in Developing World; Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations: Rome, Italy, 1982. [Google Scholar]
- Bauer, D.P.; Steele, T.D.; Erson, R.D. Analysis of Waste-Load Assimilative Capacity of the Yampa River, Steamboat Springs to Hayden, Routt County, Colorado; US Geological Survey, Water Resources Division: Denver, CO, USA, 1978. [Google Scholar]
- Portmann, J.E.; Lloyd, R. Safe use of the assimilative capacity of the marine environment for waste disposal—Is it feasible? Water Sci. Technol. 1986, 18, 233–244. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, X.P.; Wu, C.F.; Fang, K. Differentiation and comparison of the paradigms for the carrying capacity of resources and the environment. China Land Sci. 2020, 34, 17–24. [Google Scholar]
- Wackernagel, M.; Rees, W. Our Ecological Footprint: Reducing Human Impact on the Earth; New Society Publishers: Gabriola Island, BC, Canada, 1998. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, Y.F.; Qu, G.Y. The Carrying Capacity of Water Resources and Its Reasonable Use of Urumqi River; Science Press: Beijing, China, 1992. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, Y.P. Population carrying capacity of mineral resources. China Popul. Resoures Environ. 1998, 8, 19–22. [Google Scholar]
- Peters, C.; Wilkins, J.; Fick, G. Testing a complete-diet model for estimating the land resource requirements of food consumption and agricultural carrying capacity: The New York State example. Renew. Agric. Food Syst. 2007, 22, 145–153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Deng, W. The prospective study of reconstruction planning after Wenchuan Earthquake: Based on the distribution of resource and environment carrying capability. Proc. Chin. Acad. Sci. 2009, 24, 28–33. [Google Scholar]
- Fan, J. Assessment Guidelines for Resource and Environmental Carrying Capacity and Territorial Development Suitability; Science Press: Beijing, China, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.J.; He, J.C. Analysis of cultural carrying capacity of Tibetan herdsman settlements. Statis. Deci. 2012, 21, 127–129. [Google Scholar]
- Fang, C.; Ja, K.; Li, G.; Wang, Y. Theoretical analysis of the index system and calculation model of carrying of land ecological-production-living. Acta Ecol. Sin. 2017, 37, 1–12. [Google Scholar]
- Duan, X.; Wang, Y.; Kang, J.; Bai, P. Theoretical foundations and measurement system of resource and environmental carrying capacity for village and town development. Resour. Sci. 2020, 42, 1236–1248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, J.C.; Chen, H.Y.; Song, S.F. Urban scale, land use and traffic carrying capacity. Urban Dev. Stud. 2016, 23, 99–107. [Google Scholar]
- Li, P.; Li, C.Y.; Shen, M.T.; Yang, Y.N.; Zhao, M.; Yang, G.H. Multi-scenario accounting of tourism carrying capacity in nature protected areas: Taking the Lugu Lake Nature Reserve in Yunnan as a case. Resour. Sci. 2022, 44, 620–633. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Chen, B.M. Introduction to the research method of “Production Capacity and Population Carrying Capacity of Land Resources in China”. J. Nat. Resour. 1991, 6, 197–205. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, J.X. Exploration of Sustainable Development Theory: Theory, Method and Application of Ecological Carrying Capacity; China Environmental Science Press: Beijing, China, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, J.H.; Jiang, D.C.; Xiao, W.H.; Chen, Y.; Hu, P. Study on theoretical analysis of water resources carrying capacity: Definition and scientific topics. J. Hydraul. Eng. 2017, 48, 1399–1409. [Google Scholar]
- Tang, J.W.; Guo, H.C.; Ye, W.H. Environmental bearing capacity and its application on environmental planning. China Envir. Sci. 1997, 17, 6–9. [Google Scholar]
- Ostrom, E. A general framework for analyzing sustainability of Social-Ecological Systems. Science 2009, 325, 419–422. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nagendra, H.; Ostrom, E. Applying the social-ecological system framework to the diagnosis of urban lake commons in Bangalore, India. Ecol. Soc. 2014, 19, 67–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mcginnis, M.D.; Ostrom, E. Social-ecological system framework: Initial changes and continuing challenges. Ecol. Soc. 2014, 19, 30–42. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Su, Y.Q.; Qing, M.; Wang, Y.H. The impact of farmland transfer on rural collective action under the scenario of labor outmigration: A research based on Social-Ecological System (SES) framework. Manag. World 2020, 36, 185–198. [Google Scholar]
- Tian, L.; Xu, G.; Fan, C.; Zhang, Y.; Gu, C.; Zhang, Y. Analyzing Mega City-Regions through Integrating Urbanization and Eco-Environment Systems: A Case Study of the Beijing-Tianjin-Hebei Region. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2019, 16, 114. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Li, Y.; Huang, C.J.; Wang, K.; Wang, Y.T.; Zhang, D.H. Forest ecological carrying capacity evaluation and gravity center transfer analysis in Anhui province. Resour. Environ. Yangtze Basin 2021, 30, 87–96. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, J.; Xue, D.; Dai, L. Spatial differentiation and influencing factors of resource and environmental carrying capacity in main agricultural production areas: Taking Linze County of Gansu Province as an example. Resour. Sci. 2020, 42, 1262–1274. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liao, S.; Wu, Y.; Wong, S.W.; Shen, L. Provincial perspective analysis on the coordination between urbanization growth and resource environment carrying capacity (RECC) in China. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 730, 138964. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Guo, S.L.; Li, C.J.; Liu, S.Q.; Zhou, K. Land carrying capacity in rural settlements of three gorges reservoir based on the system dynamic model. Nat. Resour. Model. 2018, 31, 1–15. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Gao, W.; Guan, D. Integrated assessment and scenarios simulation of water security system in Japan. Sci. Total Environ. 2019, 671, 1269–1281. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Allan, W. The African Husband Man; Lit Verlag: Münster, Germany, 1965. [Google Scholar]
- Kyushik, O.; Yeunwoo, J.; Dongkun, L.; Wangkey, L.; Jaeyong, C. Determining development density using the Urban Carrying Capacity Assessment System. Landsc. Urban Plan. 2004, 73, 25–43. [Google Scholar]
- Chinese Academy of Sciences. Study on Production Capacity and Population Carrying Capacity of Land Resources in China; China Renmin University Press: Beijing, China, 1991. [Google Scholar]
- Shi, Y.S.; Yin, C.Y.; Wang, H.F.; Tan, W.K. Research progress and prospect on urban comprehensive carrying capacity. Geogr. Res. 2013, 32, 133–145. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, F.W.; Gao, Y.N.; Bao, G.Y. Determination of short board factors and early warning of land comprehensive carrying capacity in the coastal areas of Jiangsu province. Resour. Environ. Yangtze Basin 2015, 24, 15–23. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, Z.X.; Suo, A.N.; Zhang, Z.D.; Su, Y. Application and development countermeasures of “buckets effect”in the assessment of resources and environment carrying capacity. Mar. Environ. Sci. 2018, 37, 602–608. [Google Scholar]
- Peng, W.Y.; Liu, N.B. Optimization strategy of population distribution in capital metropolitan region: Based on land resources carrying capacity evaluation. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2015, 35, 558–564. [Google Scholar]
- Xue, Y.L.; Wu, H.; Wu, S.Z.; Wu, Y.Y.; Zeng, W.H. Study of a moderate population scale based on environmental carrying capacity: Taking Beihai City as an example. Environ. Prot. Sci. 2016, 42, 1–6. [Google Scholar]
- Wang, S.H.; Mao, H.Y.; Zhao, M.H. A brief discussion on the design idea of evaluation index system of land comprehensive carrying capacity: A case study of China’s coastal areas. Hum. Geogr. 2001, 16, 57–61. [Google Scholar]
- Jonathan, D.W. Carrying capacity and the comprehensive plan: Establishing and defending limit to growth. Boston Coll. Environ. Aff. Law Rev. 2001, 21, 112–125. [Google Scholar]
- Li, S.P.; Zhang, J.X.; Xiang, G.X.; Zeng, Y. Evaluation techniques of environmental carrying capacity of land and resources in the context of ecological civilization construction. Chin. Agric. Sci. Bull. 2018, 34, 82–87. [Google Scholar]
- Wei, S.Y.; Ju, X.; Xun, W.H. Spatial-temporal coupling relationship between land development intensity and carrying capacity of regional resources and environment: A case study in Shenyang economic region. China Land Sci. 2018, 32, 58–65. [Google Scholar]
- Jia, K.J.; Zhang, H.; Xu, X.L.; Qi, F. Evaluation techniques of land resources carrying capacity catering to land development and utilization. Prog. Geogr. 2017, 36, 335–341. [Google Scholar]
- Chang, T.; Li, J.; Jin, J.; Chen, L. Multi-dimensional water resources carrying capacity evaluation index system for water flow system function. Water Resour. Prot. 2020, 36, 44–51. [Google Scholar]
- Niu, F.Q.; Feng, Z.M.; Liu, H. Evaluation of resources environmental carrying capacity and its application in industrial restructuring in Tibet, China. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2019, 74, 1563–1575. [Google Scholar]
- Wei, X.Y.; Yan, C.Z. Research and model application in ecological carrying capacity. J. Earth Environ. 2019, 10, 441–452. [Google Scholar]
- Kalman, R.E. On the general theory of control systems. IRE Trans. Autom. Control 1960, 4, 110. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Xu, L.F.; Tan, Y. Evaluation of land carrying capacity of “Two-oriented Society” pilot area in Changjiang-Zhujiang-Xiangtan Urban Agglomeration. Econ. Geogr. 2009, 29, 69–73. [Google Scholar]
- Yue, W.; Dai, Z.; Gao, J.; Chen, Y. Study on the evaluation of resources and environment carrying capacity for provincial territorial planning. China Land Sci. 2018, 32, 66–73. [Google Scholar]
- Ji, Y.Y.; Ji, X.M.; Li, C. Applying supporting-pressuring coupling curve to the evaluation of urban land carrying capacity: A case study of 32 cities in Zhejiang province. Geogr. Res. 2018, 37, 1087–1099. [Google Scholar]
- Zheng, K.X.; Yun, Y.X.; Chang, W. Longing for grassroots life: Old quarters and people’s daily Life in the townscape. Urban Dev. Stud. 2018, 25, 51–60. [Google Scholar]
- Xiong, J.X.; Chen, D.L.; Peng, B.F.; Deng, S.T.; Xie, X.M. Spatio-temporal difference of coupling coordinative degree of ecological carrying capacity in the Dongting Lake Region. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2014, 34, 1108–1116. [Google Scholar]
- Hung, N.C.; Kuang, Y.Q. The carrying capacity of resources and the problems of sustainable development in Guangdong Province. Econ. Geogr. 2000, 20, 52–57. [Google Scholar]
- Li, Z.H.; Dong, S.C.; Tang, S.Y. Model modification and empirical analysis of the relative carrying capacity of resources. Resour. Sci. 2008, 30, 1336–1343. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, H.; Liu, Y.Y. Model extensions and empirical analysis of the relative carrying capacity of resources. China Popul. Resour. Environ. 2014, 24, 126–135. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, C.F.; He, L.Z. Model modifications and empirical analysis of the relative carrying capacity of resources. Resour. Sci. 2011, 33, 41–49. [Google Scholar]
- Jin, X.; Li, C. Paradigm shift in the study of land carrying capacity: An overview. J. Nat. Resour. 2018, 33, 526–540. [Google Scholar]
- Rees, W.E.; Wackernagel, M. Urban ecological footprints: Why cities cannot be sustainable and why they are a key to sustainability. Environ. Impact Assess. Rev. 1996, 16, 223–248. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nakajima, E.S.; Ortega, E. Carrying capacity using emergy and a new calculation of the ecological footprint. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 60, 1200–1207. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mikul, I.H.; Cabezas, H.; Vujanovi, M.; Dui, N. Environmental assessment of different cement manufacturing processes based on Emergy and Ecological Footprint analysis. J. Clean. Prod. 2016, 130, 213–221. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Wu, C.F.; Ye, Y.M.; Wu, Y.Z.; Yue, W.Z. Territorial Space Planning; Geological Press: Beijing, China, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- Zhu, X.Z.; Li, X.W.; Jia, K.J.; Qi, F. A study on system dynamics of land comprehensive carrying capacity in Shanghai City. China Land Sci. 2014, 28, 90–96. [Google Scholar]
- Yang, J.; Lei, K.; Khu, S.; Meng, W. Assessment of Water Resources Carrying Capacity for Sustainable Development Based on a System Dynamics Model: A Case Study of Tieling City, China. Water Resour. Manag. 2015, 29, 885–899. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Forrester, J.W. Urban Dynamics; MIT Press: Cambridge, MA, USA, 1969. [Google Scholar]
- Gu, C.L.; Ye, X.Y.; Cao, Q.W.; Guan, W.H.; Peng, C.; Wu, Y.T.; Zhai, W. System dynamics modelling of urbanization under energy constraints in China. Nat. Sci. Rep. 2020, 10, 9956–9972. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, P.; Lin, B.; Zhou, H.; Wu, X.; Little, J.C. CO2 emissions from urban buildings at the city scale: System dynamic projections and potential mitigation policies. Appl. Energy 2020, 277, 115546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, Y.; Yu, Y. Dynamic early warning of regional atmospheric environmental carrying capacity. Sci. Total Environ. 2020, 714, 136684. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Niu, F.Q.; Sun, D.Q. Modelling the sustainability of China’s growth based on the resource and environmental carrying capacity. Acta Geogr. Sin. 2019, 74, 2604–2613. [Google Scholar]
- Li, X.X.; Meng, M. Optimum population analysis of Jilin Province, China based on comprehensive carrying capacity. Chin. J. Appl. Ecol. 2017, 28, 3378–3384. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, K.; Li, J.Y.; Wang, Q. Evaluation on agricultural production space and layout optimization based on resources and environmental carrying capacity: A case study of Fujian Province. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2021, 41, 280–289. [Google Scholar]
- Ding, S.B. Some basic theoretical issues faced with plan of essential function region system. Sci. Geogr. Sin. 2009, 29, 587–592. [Google Scholar]
- Zhang, C.J. Research on collaboratively promoting the construction of main functional areas and eco-city. Econ. Vert. 2010, 5, 56–58. [Google Scholar]
- Ye, Y.H.; Han, Z.; Sun, F.F.; Zhang, Y.; Huang, T.; Chen, L.; Li, X. Early-warning for environmental and resource carrying capacity on small scale: A case study of Dapeng Peninsula, Guangdong. Ecol. Environ. Sci. 2017, 26, 1275–1283. [Google Scholar]
- Huang, G.Q.; Wang, W.X. Study on ultimate carrying capacity and regulation methods of urban atmospheric environment. J. Syst. Simul. 2021, 33, 159–168. [Google Scholar]
- Hu, G.; Zeng, W.; Yao, R.; Xie, Y.; Liang, S. An integrated assessment system for the carrying capacity of the water environment based on system dynamics. J. Environ. Manag. 2021, 295, 113045. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Fan, C.J.; Zhou, L.L.; Huang, A.; Gao, Y.; Li, Q. Toolbox of rural resource and environmental carrying capacity improvement planning and application scenarios of territorial space planning. J. Shanghai City Plan. 2021, 6, 1–7. [Google Scholar]
- Jiang, G.H.; He, X.; Ma, W.Q.; Wang, M.Z.; Zhang, R.J. Rural settlements spatial pattern evolution and zoning district based on spatial autocorrelation. Trans. CSAE 2015, 31, 265–273. [Google Scholar]
- Li, G.Y.; Cao, Y.; Wan, W.H. Study on zoning demarcation of natural ecological space use control: A case study of Pingtan Island. China Land Sci. 2018, 32, 7–14. [Google Scholar]
- Wen, B.; Xu, C.; Xia, M. Research on decision making of permanent basic farmland protection red line based on set pair analysis. J. Geogr. Geo-Inf. Sci. 2021, 37, 93–99. [Google Scholar]
- Peng, J.; Du, Y.Y.; Liu, Y.X.; Hu, X.X. How to assess urban development potential in mountain areas? An approach of ecological carrying capacity in the view of coupled human and natural systems. Ecol. Indic. 2016, 60, 1017–1030. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zhang, J.; Zhang, C.; Shi, W.; Fu, Y. Quantitative evaluation and optimized utilization of water resources-water environment carrying capacity based on nature-based solutions. J. Hydrol. 2019, 568, 96–107. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Su, H.F.; Cao, G.R.; Jin, J.L.; Zhang, X.M.; Yi, H.L.; Zhen, Y.; Fu, Q. Study on the demarcation of dominant agricultural space in Double Evaluation of cities and counties: Theory, method and case. J. Nat. Resour. 2020, 35, 1839–1852. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, Q.; Zhang, N.; Liu, Z.; Liao, B. Tourism resources and carrying capacity of scenic tourism areas based on forest ecological environment. South. For. 2020, 82, 10–14. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Zeng, W.; Xie, Y.; Wang, D.; Zhang, K. Early-Warning technology and method system of water environmental carrying capacity on basin. Eviron. Prot. 2020, 48, 9–16. [Google Scholar]
- Zhou, Y.J.; Zhou, J.X. Urban atmospheric environmental capacity and atmospheric environmental carrying capacity constrained by GDP–PM2. Ecol. Indic. 2017, 73, 637–652. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhang, Z.; Hu, B.; Qiu, H. Comprehensive evaluation of resource and environmental carrying capacity based on SDGs perspective and Three-dimensional Balance Model. Ecol. Indic. 2022, 138, 108788. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Li, Y.; Yan, Z.X.; Liu, J.W. Resource and environment carrying capacity estimation and spatial optimization strategy based on patch scale: A case study of Xiamen City. Urban Reg. Plan. Res. 2019, 11, 105–123. [Google Scholar]
- Gao, Y.; Yu, J.H.; Tian, L. Review and prospect of research on resource and environment carrying capacity at town and village levels. J. Urban Reg. Plan. 2021, 2, 180–196. [Google Scholar]
Background | Concept | Connotation |
---|---|---|
Human ecology | Carrying capacity | The limit on the number of individual organisms under a specific environmental condition (mainly referring to the combination of living space, nutrients, sunlight, and other ecological factors) [26]. |
Grassland degradation | Grassland carrying capacity | The maximum number of animals that can be carried within a pasture [27]. |
Ecological security | Biomass carrying capacity | The capacity of an ecosystem to carry the maximum amount of a particular biomass at a time [28]. |
Deal with disaster like hunger, war, poverty | Human carrying capacity | The maximum population that a city or urban agglomeration can carry under certain resource and environmental constraints on the premise of meeting human’s ever-increasing needs for a better life [30]. |
Population soaring and land resource scarcity | Land resources carrying capacity | The productive capacity and the maximum population that can be carried by regional land resources [32,48]. |
Sustainable development of resources | Resources carrying capacity | The capacity of resources to carry the basic survival and development of the population in a region [49]. |
Water shortage induced by drought or pollution | Water resources carrying capacity | The maximum population and the intensity of industrial and agricultural production activities that can be carried by regional water resources [50]. |
Mineral resource shortage | Mineral resources carrying capacity | The maximum population and aggregate economy that can be carried by the stock of mineral resources in the foreseeable period, under the conditions of science and technology [39]. |
Serious environmental pollution | Environmental carrying capacity | The self-purification capacity of water, atmosphere, and soil environments to carry the pollutant discharge capacity of human life and economic development [35,36,51]. |
Serious ecological damage | Ecological carrying capacity | The capacity of an ecosystem to carry the maximum human socioeconomic activities [40]. |
Post-disaster reconstruction planning Territorial spatial planning | Resources and environmental carrying capacity | The capacity of resources and environment (including water, soil, and ecology) to carry the maximum human socioeconomic activities [41,42]. |
Coordinated development of product–living–ecological spaces | Product–living–ecological carrying capacity | A capacity complex composed of land resources and ecological environment to carry the economic activities for a certain standard of living [44]. |
Rural revitalization | Resources and environmental carrying capacity of rural and township development | The supporting capacity of the rural and township carrier (including the resources and environment of water, soil, ecological) [22,45]. |
Cultural protection | Culture carrying capacity | The maximum scale, intensity, and speed of human social activities that the cultural system can carry under the premise of maintaining coordinated and sustainable development of people and nature within a certain period and region [43]. |
Regional and urban sustainable development | Economic carrying capacity | The economic activity capacity that a city or urban agglomeration can carry under certain resource and environmental constraints on the premise of ensuring high-quality economic development [24]. |
Traffic carrying capacity | The supporting urban road car carrying capacity; overload is congestion [46]. | |
Tourism sustainable development | Tourism carrying capacity | The maximum number of tourists that a tourist destination system can carry in a certain period of time without harmful changes [47]. |
Toolsets | Toolbox | Tools | Features of Tools and Scenarios of LUP | References |
---|---|---|---|---|
Spatial evaluation and optimization toolsets | Single-type spatial constraint evaluation and optimization (SCEO) toolbox | Water SCEO tools; Forestland SCEO tools; Grassland SCEO tools; Cultivated land SCEO tools; Construction land SCEO tools. …… | Features: scientific, informative Planning preparation stage: The comprehensive assessment method identifies the status quo of all spaces. Planning scheme-making stage: Determine the scale bottom line (upper limit, lower limit) of space development and protection using the carrying capacity, delimit the scale space of the bottom line according to the spatial quality evaluation, and identify the protection and development red line. | [1,57,58,74,104] |
Comprehensive spatial constraint evaluation and optimization toolbox | Agriculture space SCEO tools; Ecological space SCEO tools; Production space SCEO tools; Living space SCEO tools. …… | [42,108,109,110] | ||
Product and service evaluation and improvement toolsets | Product evaluation and promotion toolbox | The evaluation and promotion tools of gross domestic product (GDP) output, arable land output, fishery output, livestock output, forestry output…… | Features: scientific, informative Preplanning stage: Obtain the spatial distribution characteristics or long-term evolution of resources and environmental products and services in the region through the method of sample point measurement. Planning scheme formulation stage: analyze and identify the key restrictive factors and regions that affect the comprehensive carrying capacity, and formulate plans to improve the status of products and services from the aspects of improved variety, scientific and technological inputs, source control, and comprehensive treatment and restoration. | [23,90,99] |
Service evaluation and improvement toolbox | Water environment assessment and improvement tools (COD, BOD, NH3–N, TP, TN, etc.); Improved assessment of atmospheric environment (PM2.5, CO2 emissions, etc.); Soil environment assessment and improvement tools (heavy metal pollution, pesticide and fertilizer use exceed the standards); Ecosystem service evaluation and promotion tools (windbreak and sand fixation, soil conservation, carbon sequestration and oxygen release, biodiversity, etc.). …… | [42,50,69,72,75,97,98,105,111,112] | ||
Socio-economic development demand toolsets | Economic development toolbox | The goals of per capita GDP adjustment analysis; The goals of industry positioning and adjustment analysis. …… | Features: Authoritative, organizational Preplanning stage: preliminary formulation of economic and population development targets based on historical data trends Planning scheme adjustment stage: Coordinate the proposed economic and population development goals according to the RECC calculation results. | [24,76,81,113] |
Population toolbox | The goals of total population size adjustment analysis; The goals of urban population adjustment analysis. …… | [22,68,81,100,114] | ||
Actors’ governance toolsets | Government: Institutional toolbox | National strategic positioning (ecological protection, food security, rural revitalization, economic development, coordinated development of production-living-ecology etc.); Land development rights (Urban, agricultural, and ecological space; protection and development zone and scale demarcations; floor area ratio control; policy of balance between occupation and subsidy); Water rights tools (water rights trading system, river basin horizontal ecological compensation system). …… | Features: Institutional, authoritative, cooperative Preplanning stage: Determine planning orientation, basic methods Planning scheme formulation stage: identify the main content and direction of the planning | [20,44,60,80,88,115] |
Government: Resources exploitation toolbox | Fallow field policy; Grazing prohibition policy; Fishing ban policy; Logging prohibition policy. …… | Features: Institutional, authoritative, cooperative Planning scheme implementation stage: Implements access and development intensity limitation measures, improves the self-organizing restoration ability of resources and environmental products and services in the target region. | [2,42,47,69,76,106] | |
Government: Pollution discharge toolbox | Industrial and agricultural production pollution emissions; Urban and rural domestic sewage discharges; …… | Characteristics: Institutional, authoritative, cooperative (top-down) Planning scheme formulation stage: Based on existing conditions, formulate production and domestic emission standards Planning scheme implementation stage: Encourage green production and life by limiting pollution discharges, and identify producers and lifestyles with serious pollution discharges, to improve environmental demand. | [50,58,61,69,98,115,116,117] | |
Government: space integrated development toolbox | Scientific and technological means (scientific and technological investment and popularization of science and technology); Infrastructure investment; High-quality farmland development; Low-efficiency industrial land consolidation; Homestead retreats; Mine restoration; Landslide and mud–rock flow regulation; Stagnant water restoration; Farmland to forest conversion; River basin horizontal ecological compensation;…… | Features: institutional, authoritative, cooperative (top-down) Planning scheme stage: use the key constraint tools to develop different planning schemes. Planning scheme implementation stage: According to the key constraints on the overloaded areas, tools are adopted to improve the resource supply capacity and environment products and services. | [23,45,58,98,99,117,118] | |
Market action toolbox | Increasing investment in green and ecological industries; Increasing local technology innovation jobs; Increasing green technology research and development jobs; …… | Features: organization, consensus, cooperation (bottom-up) Planning scheme formulation and adjustment stage: the market, the collective, and the public can participate in the scheme formulation and adjustment process through publicity, soliciting opinions, holding press conferences, and other forms. Planning scheme implementation stage: The market, the collective, and the public are the core participants in planning implementation, and their actions will be the key to whether the planning can be implemented to improve the carrying capacity. | [23,47,55,65,114,117] | |
Collective organizational capacity improvement toolbox | Publicize information; Organize technical training and collective meetings; Develop outreach capacity; Cultivate professionals; …… | |||
Public participation toolbox | Participate in technical training; Self-organizing collaborative cooperation; Increased awareness of resource and environmental protection; Mutual supervision; …… |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Huang, A.; Tian, L.; Li, Q.; Li, Y.; Yu, J.; Gao, Y.; Xia, J. Land-Use Planning Serves as a Critical Tool for Improving Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Review of Evaluation Methods and Application. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032370
Huang A, Tian L, Li Q, Li Y, Yu J, Gao Y, Xia J. Land-Use Planning Serves as a Critical Tool for Improving Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Review of Evaluation Methods and Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032370
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, An, Li Tian, Qing Li, Yongfu Li, Jianghao Yu, Yuan Gao, and Jing Xia. 2023. "Land-Use Planning Serves as a Critical Tool for Improving Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Review of Evaluation Methods and Application" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032370
APA StyleHuang, A., Tian, L., Li, Q., Li, Y., Yu, J., Gao, Y., & Xia, J. (2023). Land-Use Planning Serves as a Critical Tool for Improving Resources and Environmental Carrying Capacity: A Review of Evaluation Methods and Application. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(3), 2370. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032370