Effects of Green Network Management of Urban Street Trees on Airborne Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Site
2.1.1. Current Status
2.1.2. Climate Data
2.2. Numerical Model
2.2.1. Simulation Model of Tree Planting
2.2.2. Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) Model Design
2.2.3. Analytical Conditions
2.3. Analysis Methods
3. Results
3.1. Changes in Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration According to Wind Velocity
3.2. Changes in Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration According to Wind Direction
3.3. Changes in Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration According to Vegetation Structure
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration in Varying Climate Conditions
4.2. Effects of Street Tree Planting in the Green Network on Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration
5. Conclusions
- Analyzing the PM2.5 concentration irrespective of wind direction or velocity indicated that the PM2.5 concentration varied according to the presence or absence of the central reserve and the street tree planting structure. The PM2.5 concentration was lower in the wind direction of 45° than in the wind direction of 0°; the deviation of the PM2.5 concentration per planting type increased with the wind velocity.
- Despite the numerical differences across the study sites, the PM2.5 reduction effect at most sites was stronger in the models that adopted multi-planting street trees and central reserves. These results proved the hypothesis (the planting structure of street trees and central reserve area will affect the PM2.5 concentration).
- Finally, the application of the central reserve planting was more advantageous in reducing the PM2.5 concentration on motor roads; we suggest planting both arbors and shrubs as street trees. As the PM2.5 reduction effect was stronger when the central reserve contained arbors and shrubs, the multi-planting structure should be applied to both the street trees and the central reserve, to ensure an optimal PM2.5 reduction effect. Hence, the planting of both arbors and shrubs is more suitable for reducing the negative impact of PM2.5 on motor roads.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Type | Central Reserve | Street Tree |
---|---|---|
MS-SS | Single-planting structure (arbor) | Single-planting structure (arbor) |
MS-SM | Single-planting structure (arbor) | Multi-planting structure (arbor + shrub) |
MM-SS | Multi-planting structure (arbor + shrub) | Single-planting structure (arbor) |
MM-SM | Multi-planting structure (arbor + shrub) | Multi-planting structure (arbor + shrub) |
MN-SS | N/A | Single-planting structure (arbor) |
MN-SM | N/A | Multi-planting structure (arbor + shrub) |
Category | Setting of Model |
---|---|
Solver | Pressure based |
Implicit formulation | |
Unsteady state analysis | |
3D simulation | |
Turbulence model | Realizable k-ε model |
Wind profile | Velocity inlet, User-Defined-Function (C code) |
Planting | Porous media |
Domain | Symmetry |
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Jeong, N.-R.; Han, S.-W.; Ko, B. Effects of Green Network Management of Urban Street Trees on Airborne Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032507
Jeong N-R, Han S-W, Ko B. Effects of Green Network Management of Urban Street Trees on Airborne Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032507
Chicago/Turabian StyleJeong, Na-Ra, Seung-Won Han, and Baul Ko. 2023. "Effects of Green Network Management of Urban Street Trees on Airborne Particulate Matter (PM2.5) Concentration" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2507. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032507