Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Night Tourism Accidents in China Based on SNA and QAP Methods
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Relevant Literature
2.1. Night Tourism Defined
2.2. Night Tourism Safety Risks
2.3. Destination Tourism Safety Accidents
2.4. Gaps in the Literature
3. Research Design
3.1. Data Source and Processing
3.2. Method
4. Analysis and Discussion
4.1. Types of Night Tourism Accidents
4.2. Temporal Distribution of Night Tourism Accidents
4.2.1. Time Distribution of Night Tourism Accidents
4.2.2. Time Distribution Considering Different Accident Types
4.3. Spatial Distribution Characteristics of Night Tourism Safety Accidents
4.3.1. Regional Distribution Considering Different Accident Types
4.3.2. Site Distribution Considering Different Accident Types
4.4. Classification of Accident Types in Different Product Projects
4.5. Analysis on the Causes of Night Tourism Safety Accidents
4.5.1. Risk Factors of Nighttime Tourism Accidents
4.5.2. QAP Regression Analysis
5. Conclusions and Implications
5.1. Conclusions
5.2. Theoretical Implications
5.3. Managerial Implications
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Main Type | Subtype | Basic Type | Count | Rate | Main Type | Subtype | Basic Type | Count | Rate |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Disastrous accidents (53.19%) | Traffic accident | Road traffic accident | 634 | 7.22% | Cold and fever | 480 | 5.46% | ||
Shipping accident | 102 | 1.16% | Sudden death | 329 | 3.74% | ||||
Facility and equipment accident | Entertainment facility accident | 523 | 5.95% | Altitude sickness | 170 | 1.93% | |||
Infrastructure accident | 564 | 6.42% | Heatstroke | 37 | 0.42% | ||||
Crowd gathering accident | Stampede accident | 111 | 1.26% | Natural disaster accidents (8.95%) | Meteorological disaster | Urban waterlogging | 86 | 0.98% | |
Lost tourist accident | 59 | 0.67% | Haze and dust | 53 | 0.60% | ||||
Fire safety accident | Fire accident | 16 | 0.18% | Extreme high temperature | 49 | 0.56% | |||
Explosion accident | 33 | 0.38% | Typhoon disaster | 276 | 3.14% | ||||
Electric shock accident | 6 | 0.07% | Thunderstorm | 167 | 1.90% | ||||
Accidental injury | Fall and slip accidents | 1368 | 15.57% | Ice and snow disaster | 147 | 1.67% | |||
Scratch accident | 328 | 3.73% | Geologic hazard | Ground collapse | 3 | 0.03% | |||
Drop from the height | 245 | 2.79% | Earthquake | 6 | 0.07% | ||||
Sprain accident | 382 | 4.35% | Social security accidents (9.05%) | Public security crime | Theft | 401 | 4.56% | ||
Scald accident | 66 | 0.75% | Robbery | 124 | 1.41% | ||||
Others | Animal attack | 101 | 1.15% | Fraud | 193 | 2.20% | |||
Drowning accident | 43 | 0.49% | Sexual assault | 7 | 0.08% | ||||
Building collapse | 92 | 1.05% | Violent conflict | Drunk and aggression | 31 | 0.35% | |||
Public health accidents (28.81%) | Food safety accident | Food poisoning | 897 | 10.21% | Fight | 39 | 0.44% | ||
Infectious diseases | Epidemic virus | 13 | 0.15% | Terrorism | Terrorist attack | 1 | 0.01% | ||
Personal illness | Skin sensitivity | 23 | 0.26% | Total | / | 8787 | 100% | ||
Sudden disease | 582 | 6.62% |
Accidents | Public Health Accidents | Natural Disasters | Social Security Accidents | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
City | Node Centrality | City | Node Centrality | City | Node Centrality | City | Node Centrality |
Sanya | 1.000 | Kunming | 1.000 | Hangzhou | 0.750 | Kunming | 0.857 |
Kunming | 1.000 | Lijiang | 1.000 | Wuhan | 0.750 | Lijiang | 0.857 |
Lijiang | 0.941 | Guangzhou | 0.875 | Chengdu | 0.625 | Dalian | 0.857 |
Beijing | 0.941 | Guiyang | 0.875 | Dalian | 0.625 | Beijing | 0.714 |
Shanghai | 0.882 | Lhasa | 0.875 | Kunming | 0.625 | Qingdao | 0.714 |
Chengdu | 0.824 | Xiamen | 0.875 | Nanjing | 0.625 | Sanya | 0.714 |
Changsha | 0.824 | Zhangjiajie | 0.875 | Shanghai | 0.625 | Shanghai | 0.714 |
Guilin | 0.824 | Beijing | 0.75 | Zhengzhou | 0.625 | Zhangjiajie | 0.714 |
Qingdao | 0.824 | Guilin | 0.75 | Beijing | 0.500 | Zhengzhou | 0.714 |
Xiamen | 0.824 | Sanya | 0.75 | Foshan | 0.500 | Chengdu | 0.571 |
Guangzhou | 0.824 | Xi’an | 0.75 | Fuzhou | 0.500 | Guiyang | 0.571 |
Chongqing | 0.824 | Changsha | 0.75 | Guilin | 0.500 | Guilin | 0.571 |
Dalian | 0.765 | Chengdu | 0.625 | Lanzhou | 0.500 | Harbin | 0.571 |
Fuzhou | 0.765 | Hangzhou | 0.625 | Lijiang | 0.500 | Hangzhou | 0.571 |
Harbin | 0.765 | Shanghai | 0.625 | Qingdao | 0.500 | Changsha | 0.571 |
Hangzhou | 0.765 | Shenyang | 0.625 | Quanzhou | 0.500 | Zhuhai | 0.571 |
Huangshan | 0.765 | Wuxi | 0.625 | Xiamen | 0.500 | Huangshan | 0.429 |
Qinhuangdao | 0.765 | Wuhan | 0.625 | Shenzhen | 0.500 | Lhasa | 0.429 |
Xi’an | 0.765 | Zhengzhou | 0.625 | Xi’an | 0.500 | Lanzhou | 0.429 |
Zhangjiajie | 0.765 | Chongqing | 0.625 | Yangzhou | 0.500 | Luoyang | 0.429 |
Category | Site | Frequency | Rate |
---|---|---|---|
Catering place (15.90%) | Gourmet plaza | 401 | 4.56% |
Dining room | 343 | 3.90% | |
Food stalls | 533 | 6.07% | |
Tea shop | 121 | 1.38% | |
Accommodation (11.75%) | Hotel | 644 | 7.33% |
B & B | 388 | 4.42% | |
Traffic place (7.90%) | Parking area | 100 | 1.14% |
Trafficway | 266 | 3.03% | |
Station | 64 | 0.73% | |
Sidewalk | 264 | 3.00% | |
Places for sightseeing (24.34%) | Scenic belt | 301 | 3.43% |
Ancient streets and towns | 586 | 6.67% | |
Scenic Attraction | 565 | 6.43% | |
Seashore | 343 | 3.90% | |
Art center | 72 | 0.82% | |
Cultural and creative block | 129 | 1.47% | |
Exhibition hall | 143 | 1.63% | |
Shopping place (9.28%) | Commercial pedestrian street | 451 | 5.13% |
Shopping mall | 265 | 3.02% | |
Handicraft shop | 99 | 1.13% | |
Entertainment places (30.83%) | Entertainment Plaza | 198 | 2.25% |
Public garden | 296 | 3.37% | |
Health club | 185 | 2.11% | |
Bar | 361 | 4.11% | |
KTV/Dance hall | 215 | 2.45% | |
Theme park | 813 | 9.25% | |
Game room | 104 | 1.18% | |
Theatre/show | 261 | 2.97% | |
Band shell | 276 | 3.14% | |
Total | / | 8787 | 100% |
Disastrous Accidents | Public Health Accidents | Natural Disasters | Social Security Accidents | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Site | Node Centrality | Site | Node Centrality | Site | Node Centrality | Site | Node Centrality |
Scenic Attraction | 0.706 | Hotel | 0.625 | Scenic Attraction | 0.875 | Bar | 0.714 |
Ancient streets and town | 0.647 | Ancient street and town | 0.625 | Ancient streets and town | 0.75 | Food stalls | 0.714 |
Gourmet plaza | 0.588 | Bar | 0.625 | Trafficway | 0.625 | Gourmet plaza | 0.571 |
Commercial pedestrian street | 0.588 | Food stalls | 0.5 | Sidewalk | 0.625 | Commercial pedestrian street | 0.571 |
Hotel | 0.588 | B & B | 0.5 | Band shell | 0.625 | Shopping mall | 0.571 |
B & B | 0.588 | Scenic Attraction | 0.5 | Gourmet plaza | 0.5 | Dining room | 0.571 |
Theme park | 0.588 | Health club | 0.5 | Food stalls | 0.5 | Tea shop | 0.429 |
Food stalls | 0.529 | Theme park | 0.5 | Scenic belt | 0.5 | Handicraft shop | 0.429 |
Dining room | 0.471 | Gourmet plaza | 0.375 | Entertainment Plaza | 0.5 | Hotel | 0.286 |
Theatre/show | 0.471 | Dining room | 0.375 | Public garden | 0.5 | B & B | 0.286 |
Scenic belt | 0.412 | Scenic belt | 0.375 | Theme park | 0.5 | Station | 0.286 |
Seashore | 0.412 | Public garden | 0.375 | Station | 0.375 | Sidewalk | 0.286 |
Shopping mall | 0.412 | Commercial pedestrian street | 0.375 | Commercial pedestrian street | 0.375 | Scenic belt | 0.286 |
Health club | 0.412 | KTV/Dance hall | 0.375 | Seashore | 0.25 | Ancient streets and town | 0.286 |
Exhibition hall | 0.353 | Seashore | 0.25 | Dining room | 0.125 | Scenic Attraction | 0.286 |
Public garden | 0.353 | Cultural and creative block | 0.25 | Hotel | 0.125 | Entertainment Plaza | 0.286 |
Art center | 0.294 | Entertainment Plaza | 0.25 | B & B | 0.125 | Health club | 0.286 |
Cultural and creative block | 0.294 | Shopping mall | 0.25 | Parking area | 0.125 | KTV/Dance hall | 0.286 |
KTV/Dance hall | 0.294 | Game room | 0.25 | Cultural and creative block | 0.125 | Game room | 0.286 |
Band shell | 0.294 | Band shell | 0.25 | Exhibition hall | 0.125 | Parking area | 0.143 |
Category | Cause | Frequency | Category | Cause | Frequency |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personnel risk factors (33.97%) | Tourists’ awareness | 10.83% | Environmental risk factors (24.16%) | Atmospheric environment | 8.85% |
Tourists’ physical condition | 16.25% | Geological environment | 2.00% | ||
Employees’ safety service | 6.09% | Road environment | 7.22% | ||
Conflict between local residents and tourists | 0.80% | Tourism environment | 6.09% | ||
Management risk factors (24.29%) | Market supervision and management | 6.89% | Facility and equipment risk factors (17.58%) | Lighting facility | 2.79% |
Social security management | 6.07% | Extinguishing facility | 1.38% | ||
Public health management | 9.40% | Entertainment facility | 5.95% | ||
Crowd aggregation control | 1.93% | Engineering facility | 7.47% |
Independent Variable Co-Occurrence | 18:00–6:00 | 18:00–20:00 | 21:00–23:00 | 0:00–2:00 | 3:00–6:00 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Personnel risk | 0.227 *** | 0.261 *** | 0.194 *** | 0.477 *** | 0.453 *** |
Facility and equipment risk | 0.344 *** | 0.260 *** | 0.380 *** | 0.065 | 0.215 *** |
Environmental risk | 0.165 *** | 0.269 *** | 0.247 *** | 0.139 *** | 0.237 *** |
Management risk | 0.315 *** | 0.297 *** | 0.255 *** | 0.351 *** | 0.063 |
R2 | 0.976 | 0.977 | 0.974 | 0.828 | 0.768 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.976 | 0.977 | 0.974 | 0.827 | 0.768 |
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Huang, R.; Xie, C.; Lai, F.; Li, X.; Wu, G.; Phau, I. Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Night Tourism Accidents in China Based on SNA and QAP Methods. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032584
Huang R, Xie C, Lai F, Li X, Wu G, Phau I. Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Night Tourism Accidents in China Based on SNA and QAP Methods. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(3):2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032584
Chicago/Turabian StyleHuang, Rui, Chaowu Xie, Feifei Lai, Xiang Li, Gaoyang Wu, and Ian Phau. 2023. "Analysis of the Characteristics and Causes of Night Tourism Accidents in China Based on SNA and QAP Methods" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 3: 2584. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20032584