Effects of Temperatures and Heatwaves on Occupational Injuries in the Agricultural Sector in Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Workers’ Compensation Data
2.2. Meteorological Data
2.3. Statistical Analysis
- summer population decrease (a 3-levels variable with value “2” for the 2-week period around 15 August; “1” from 16 July to 31 August with the exception of the aforementioned 2-week period; “0” elsewhere);
- public holidays (a 4-levels variable with value “1” on isolated days; “2” on Christmas, Easter and New Year’s Day; “3” on the days surrounding Christmas, Easter, and New Year’s Day; “0” elsewhere);
- a four-way interaction by municipality, year, month, and day of the week to control for long-term time trends and seasonality.
2.4. Effect Estimates
2.5. Impact Estimates (Attributable Injuries)
2.6. Heatwaves
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Year | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
2014 | 2015 | 2016 | 2017 | 2018 | |||||||||
Regions | Total | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | ||
Piemonte | 10,710 | 2414 | 22.5 | 1040 | 22.0 | 968 | 20.2 | 882 | 18.6 | 821 | 16.7 | ||
Lombardia | 13,771 | 1414 | 23.1 | 1281 | 20.9 | 1271 | 20.0 | 1132 | 18.8 | 1079 | 17.2 | ||
Trentino-Alto Adige | 10,533 | 1089 | 22.8 | 984 | 20.5 | 916 | 18.9 | 893 | 18.6 | 958 | 19.3 | ||
Veneto | 13,114 | 1298 | 22.0 | 1262 | 21.5 | 1182 | 19.9 | 1103 | 18.7 | 1084 | 17.9 | ||
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 2444 | 243 | 20.6 | 247 | 22.4 | 221 | 20.4 | 216 | 18.9 | 205 | 17.8 | ||
Liguria | 2466 | 247 | 22.4 | 233 | 21.9 | 204 | 19.9 | 197 | 18.9 | 169 | 16.9 | ||
Emilia-Romagna | 19,299 | 1989 | 22.2 | 1872 | 21.6 | 1760 | 19.7 | 1603 | 18.4 | 1668 | 18.1 | ||
Toscana | 12,794 | 1215 | 22.3 | 1174 | 21.8 | 1045 | 19.7 | 996 | 18.5 | 1006 | 17.6 | ||
Umbria | 4301 | 418 | 22.4 | 399 | 21.9 | 360 | 19.2 | 295 | 18.6 | 317 | 18.0 | ||
Marche | 9574 | 886 | 22.7 | 922 | 21.2 | 816 | 20.1 | 723 | 18.9 | 699 | 17.0 | ||
Lazio | 5367 | 511 | 23.3 | 513 | 22.4 | 383 | 18.5 | 434 | 18.9 | 406 | 16.9 | ||
Abruzzo | 6590 | 612 | 22.4 | 611 | 22.0 | 532 | 19.8 | 517 | 19.3 | 455 | 16.4 | ||
Molise | 1619 | 174 | 24.1 | 149 | 20.0 | 136 | 20.5 | 118 | 17.5 | 136 | 17.9 | ||
Campania | 5631 | 513 | 22.2 | 510 | 19.7 | 517 | 20.6 | 505 | 19.0 | 488 | 18.5 | ||
Puglia | 11,136 | 899 | 20.4 | 984 | 20.5 | 968 | 20.9 | 850 | 18.9 | 905 | 19.2 | ||
Basilicata | 2909 | 308 | 22.4 | 290 | 21.2 | 258 | 19.6 | 251 | 20.9 | 201 | 15.8 | ||
Calabria | 3726 | 345 | 20.4 | 319 | 20.1 | 368 | 22.1 | 375 | 20.8 | 279 | 16.6 | ||
Sicilia | 10,043 | 817 | 20.2 | 836 | 19.7 | 856 | 20.9 | 856 | 20.1 | 817 | 19.2 | ||
Sardegna | 4395 | 500 | 24.5 | 376 | 20.5 | 365 | 19.3 | 396 | 19.4 | 307 | 16.3 | ||
Age Group (Years) | Professional Qualification | ||||||||||||
15–34 | 35–60 | 31+ | Labourer | Occasional | Self-Employed | ||||||||
Regions | Total | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % | Freq | % |
Piemonte | 10,710 | 2043 | 19.1 | 6023 | 56.2 | 2644 | 24.7 | 1880 | 17.6 | 548 | 5.1 | 8281 | 77.3 |
Lombardia | 13,771 | 3111 | 22.6 | 8523 | 61.9 | 2137 | 15.5 | 5783 | 42.0 | 696 | 5.1 | 7292 | 53.0 |
Trentino-Alto Adige | 10,533 | 1917 | 18.2 | 6115 | 58.1 | 2501 | 23.7 | 1867 | 17.7 | 593 | 5.6 | 8073 | 76.6 |
Veneto | 13,114 | 2455 | 18.7 | 7825 | 59.7 | 2834 | 21.6 | 4186 | 31.9 | 566 | 4.3 | 8361 | 63.8 |
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 2444 | 555 | 22.7 | 1458 | 59.7 | 431 | 17.6 | 844 | 34.5 | 152 | 6.2 | 1447 | 59.2 |
Liguria | 2466 | 451 | 18.3 | 1668 | 67.6 | 347 | 14.1 | 633 | 25.7 | 169 | 6.9 | 1664 | 67.5 |
Emilia-Romagna | 19,299 | 3302 | 17.1 | 11,361 | 58.9 | 4636 | 24.0 | 5022 | 26.0 | 2872 | 14.9 | 11,404 | 59.1 |
Toscana | 12,794 | 2319 | 18.1 | 7759 | 60.6 | 2716 | 21.2 | 4885 | 38.2 | 1068 | 8.3 | 6839 | 53.5 |
Umbria | 4301 | 676 | 15.7 | 2638 | 61.3 | 987 | 22.9 | 1295 | 30.1 | 446 | 10.4 | 2558 | 59.5 |
Marche | 9574 | 932 | 9.7 | 5486 | 57.3 | 3156 | 33.0 | 2025 | 21.2 | 537 | 5.6 | 7012 | 73.2 |
Lazio | 5367 | 1072 | 20.0 | 3399 | 63.3 | 896 | 16.7 | 1477 | 27.5 | 696 | 13.0 | 3191 | 59.5 |
Abruzzo | 6590 | 651 | 9.9 | 4264 | 64.7 | 1675 | 25.4 | 799 | 12.1 | 542 | 8.2 | 5249 | 79.7 |
Molise | 1619 | 170 | 10.5 | 1157 | 71.5 | 292 | 18.0 | 188 | 11.6 | 74 | 4.6 | 1357 | 83.8 |
Campania | 5631 | 808 | 14.3 | 4154 | 73.8 | 669 | 11.9 | 1413 | 25.1 | 850 | 15.1 | 3368 | 59.8 |
Puglia | 11,136 | 2435 | 21.9 | 7675 | 68.9 | 1026 | 9.2 | 2358 | 21.2 | 4782 | 42.9 | 3996 | 35.9 |
Basilicata | 2909 | 440 | 15.1 | 2061 | 70.8 | 408 | 14.0 | 748 | 25.7 | 752 | 25.9 | 1409 | 48.4 |
Calabria | 3726 | 785 | 21.1 | 2663 | 71.5 | 278 | 7.5 | 1398 | 37.5 | 1718 | 46.1 | 610 | 16.4 |
Sicilia | 10,043 | 2291 | 22.8 | 6757 | 67.3 | 995 | 9.9 | 2913 | 29.0 | 4451 | 44.3 | 2677 | 26.7 |
Sardegna | 4395 | 672 | 15.3 | 3136 | 71.4 | 587 | 13.4 | 1663 | 37.8 | 175 | 4.0 | 2557 | 58.2 |
Temperature °C | Heatwaves * | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Regions | Mean | SD | Percentiles | N | Mean Temperature °C | |
75th | 99th | |||||
Piemonte | 11.1 | 8.0 | 17.4 | 26.6 | 116 | 23.4 |
Lombardia | 12.1 | 8.0 | 18.5 | 28.0 | 117 | 24.8 |
Trentino-Alto Adige | 6.4 | 7.9 | 12.6 | 21.5 | 109 | 18.5 |
Veneto | 12.7 | 8.0 | 19.1 | 28.6 | 116 | 25.4 |
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 11.8 | 7.7 | 18.0 | 26.9 | 116 | 24.0 |
Liguria | 13.2 | 6.4 | 18.6 | 25.4 | 114 | 23.7 |
Emilia-Romagna | 13.7 | 7.7 | 19.8 | 29.0 | 118 | 26.5 |
Toscana | 13.9 | 6.9 | 19.5 | 27.5 | 122 | 25.5 |
Umbria | 13.4 | 7.2 | 19.1 | 27.9 | 123 | 25.9 |
Marche | 13.9 | 7.1 | 19.6 | 28.1 | 119 | 26.0 |
Lazio | 13.8 | 7.0 | 19.5 | 27.7 | 128 | 25.6 |
Abruzzo | 12.0 | 7.3 | 17.7 | 26.9 | 117 | 24.0 |
Molise | 12.9 | 7.1 | 18.6 | 27.2 | 117 | 24.9 |
Campania | 14.7 | 6.7 | 20.2 | 27.9 | 125 | 25.9 |
Puglia | 16.8 | 6.7 | 22.4 | 29.8 | 123 | 28.2 |
Basilicata | 13.7 | 7.2 | 19.5 | 28.6 | 118 | 26.0 |
Calabria | 15.3 | 6.3 | 20.5 | 27.9 | 117 | 25.8 |
Sicilia | 16.2 | 6.4 | 21.6 | 28.9 | 112 | 26.9 |
Sardegna | 15.9 | 6.4 | 21.4 | 28.6 | 109 | 27.0 |
Regions | RR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|
Piemonte | 1.16 | 1.13 | 1.19 |
Lombardia | 1.23 | 1.21 | 1.26 |
Trentino-Alto Adige | 1.17 | 1.12 | 1.23 |
Veneto | 1.16 | 1.12 | 1.20 |
Friuli-Venezia Giulia | 0.90 | 0.86 | 0.95 |
Liguria | 1.17 | 1.11 | 1.23 |
Emilia-Romagna | 1.22 | 1.17 | 1.27 |
Toscana | 1.06 | 1.00 | 1.11 |
Umbria | 0.97 | 0.89 | 1.07 |
Marche | 1.07 | 1.01 | 1.13 |
Lazio | 1.34 | 1.28 | 1.40 |
Abruzzo | 1.29 | 1.23 | 1.35 |
Molise | 1.15 | 1.07 | 1.23 |
Campania | 1.00 | 0.97 | 1.04 |
Puglia | 1.14 | 1.09 | 1.20 |
Basilicata | 1.15 | 1.08 | 1.23 |
Calabria | 0.97 | 0.93 | 1.01 |
Sicilia | 1.09 | 1.05 | 1.13 |
Sardegna | 1.29 | 1.24 | 1.34 |
Working Process * | RR | 95% CI | |
---|---|---|---|
Crop production and harvesting | 0.92 | 0.60 | 1.41 |
Plant breeding | 0.97 | 0.67 | 1.39 |
Livestock farming and breeding | 1.11 | 0.85 | 1.47 |
Land preparation | 1.18 | 1.08 | 1.30 |
Auxiliary preparation | 1.07 | 0.77 | 1.49 |
Forestry | 1.67 | 0.97 | 2.86 |
Other | 1.16 | 1.05 | 1.27 |
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Full Period | Summer (May–September) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Frequency | Percentage | Frequency | Percentage | ||
Overall | 150,422 | 100 | 66,025 | 100 | |
Year | 2014 | 33,362 | 22.2 | 14,555 | 22.0 |
2015 | 31,846 | 21.2 | 14,002 | 21.2 | |
2016 | 30,033 | 20.0 | 13,126 | 19.9 | |
2017 | 28,453 | 18.9 | 12,342 | 18.7 | |
2018 | 26,728 | 17.8 | 12,000 | 18.2 | |
Sex | Male | 117,874 | 78.4 | 51,339 | 77.8 |
Female | 32,548 | 21.6 | 14,686 | 22.2 | |
Age group (years) | 15–34 | 27,085 | 18.0 | 12,103 | 18.3 |
35–60 | 94,122 | 62.6 | 41,243 | 62.5 | |
61+ | 29,215 | 19.4 | 12,679 | 19.2 | |
Days of leave | 0–14 | 45,421 | 30.2 | 20,636 | 31.3 |
15–29 | 36,413 | 24.2 | 16,001 | 24.2 | |
30–60 | 36,054 | 24.0 | 15,507 | 23.5 | |
61+ | 32,534 | 21.6 | 13,881 | 21.0 | |
Professional qualification | Labourer | 41,377 | 27.5 | 18,896 | 28.6 |
Occasional | 21,687 | 14.4 | 9690 | 14.7 | |
Self-employed | 87,345 | 58.1 | 37,434 | 56.7 | |
Annual average | Summer (May-September) Average | ||||
Termperature °C | Mean | 13.0 | 19.7 | ||
Min | −24.7 | -5.8 | |||
1° | −4.6 | 7.0 | |||
25° | 7.2 | 16.6 | |||
50° | 12.9 | 19.7 | |||
75° | 19.0 | 23.2 | |||
99° | 28.0 | 29.1 | |||
Max | 35.0 | 35.0 | |||
N (%) | Average Temperature °C | ||||
Heatwaves * | Yes | - | - | 118 (15.4) | 24.9°C |
No | - | - | 647 (84.6) | 18.7°C |
RR (95% CI) | Attributable Injuries | 95% eIC | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | 1.13 (1.08–1.18) | 2050 | 1632 | 2455 | |
Age group (years) | 15–34 | 1.23 (1.14–1.34) | 396 | 346 | 446 |
35–60 | 1.10 (1.02–1.18) | 1258 | 1024 | 1487 | |
61+ | 1.16 (0.97–1.38) | 464 | 405 | 521 | |
Days of leave | 0–14 | 1.21 (1.10–1.33) | 739 | 618 | 852 |
15–29 | 1.14 (1.02–1.29) | 578 | 492 | 660 | |
30–60 | 1.13 (1.01–1.25) | 485 | 404 | 565 | |
61+ | 1.04 (0.93–1.16) | 337 | 260 | 409 | |
Professional qualification | Labourer | 1.01 (0.83–1.22) | 748 | 664 | 831 |
Occasional | 1.25 (1.03–1.52) | 405 | 352 | 460 | |
Self-employed | 1.15 (1.08–1.23) | 1051 | 801 | 1300 | |
Heatwaves * | 1.06 (1.03–1.08) | 608 | −72 | 1237 |
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Di Blasi, C.; Marinaccio, A.; Gariazzo, C.; Taiano, L.; Bonafede, M.; Leva, A.; Morabito, M.; Michelozzi, P.; de’ Donato, F.K.; on behalf of the Worklimate Collaborative Group. Effects of Temperatures and Heatwaves on Occupational Injuries in the Agricultural Sector in Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042781
Di Blasi C, Marinaccio A, Gariazzo C, Taiano L, Bonafede M, Leva A, Morabito M, Michelozzi P, de’ Donato FK, on behalf of the Worklimate Collaborative Group. Effects of Temperatures and Heatwaves on Occupational Injuries in the Agricultural Sector in Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042781
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Blasi, Chiara, Alessandro Marinaccio, Claudio Gariazzo, Luca Taiano, Michela Bonafede, Antonio Leva, Marco Morabito, Paola Michelozzi, Francesca K. de’ Donato, and on behalf of the Worklimate Collaborative Group. 2023. "Effects of Temperatures and Heatwaves on Occupational Injuries in the Agricultural Sector in Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2781. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042781