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Article

Continuous Exposure to Terrorism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Israeli Context

by
Becky Leshem
1,
Gabriela Kashy-Rosenbaum
2,
Miriam Schiff
3,
Rami Benbenishty
3,4 and
Ruth Pat-Horenczyk
3,*
1
Department of Education, Achva Academic College, Beer Tuvia, Arugot 7980400, Israel
2
Department of Education, Ashkelon Academic College, Ashkelon 7810001, Israel
3
Paul Baerwald School of Social Work and Social Welfare, Hebrew University of Jerusalem, Jerusalem 9190501, Israel
4
Department of Education, Universidad Andres Bello, Santiago 7591538, Chile
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20(4), 2799; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042799
Submission received: 25 December 2022 / Revised: 31 January 2023 / Accepted: 1 February 2023 / Published: 4 February 2023
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Psychological Distress in the Aftermath of the COVID-19 Pandemic)
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Abstract

This study tested the role of perceived social support as a moderating factor in the mediation of COVID-19-related concerns in the association between continuous traumatic stress (CTS) and depression. The study participants were 499 college students who responded to an anonymous online questionnaire. Measures included the assessment of prior continuous exposure to threats of terrorism, COVID-19-related distress, perceived social support and depressive symptoms. The results demonstrated that COVID-19-related concerns mediated the relationship between continuous exposure to threats of terrorism and depression symptoms, and that perceived social support moderated the association between COVID-19-related concerns and depression. The implications of the study highlight the role of prior exposure to traumatic stress as a risk factor for depression and the role of social support as a protective factor. These results point to the need to develop accessible and non-stigmatic mental health services for populations exposed to other types of continuous traumatic stress.
Keywords: continuous traumatic stress; COVID-19; higher education; social support; depression continuous traumatic stress; COVID-19; higher education; social support; depression

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MDPI and ACS Style

Leshem, B.; Kashy-Rosenbaum, G.; Schiff, M.; Benbenishty, R.; Pat-Horenczyk, R. Continuous Exposure to Terrorism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Israeli Context. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042799

AMA Style

Leshem B, Kashy-Rosenbaum G, Schiff M, Benbenishty R, Pat-Horenczyk R. Continuous Exposure to Terrorism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Israeli Context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042799

Chicago/Turabian Style

Leshem, Becky, Gabriela Kashy-Rosenbaum, Miriam Schiff, Rami Benbenishty, and Ruth Pat-Horenczyk. 2023. "Continuous Exposure to Terrorism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Israeli Context" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042799

APA Style

Leshem, B., Kashy-Rosenbaum, G., Schiff, M., Benbenishty, R., & Pat-Horenczyk, R. (2023). Continuous Exposure to Terrorism during the COVID-19 Pandemic: A Moderated Mediation Model in the Israeli Context. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(4), 2799. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042799

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