Association between Asthma and Oral Health Symptoms in Adolescents
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Variables
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. General Characteristics
3.2. Logistic Regression Results
3.3. Results of an Independent Variable Sub-Analysis
3.4. Results of Dependent Variable Sub-Analysis
3.5. The Severity of Asthma
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Oral Health Symptoms | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | No | Yes | p-Value | |||||
N | % | N | % | N | % | |||
Total | 44,990 | 100.0 | 23,461 | 52.1 | 21,529 | 47.9 | ||
Diagnosis of Asthma | <0.0001 * | |||||||
No | 44,533 | 99.0 | 23,270 | 99.2 | 21,263 | 98.8 | ||
Yes | 457 | 1.0 | 191 | 0.8 | 266 | 1.2 | ||
Sex | <0.0001 * | |||||||
Boys | 23,158 | 51.5 | 13,213 | 56.3 | 9945 | 46.2 | ||
Girls | 21,832 | 48.5 | 10,248 | 43.7 | 11,584 | 53.8 | ||
Age (Grade) | <0.0001 * | |||||||
7th | 8377 | 18.6 | 4920 | 21.0 | 3457 | 16.1 | ||
8th | 7684 | 17.1 | 4158 | 17.7 | 3526 | 16.4 | ||
9th | 7360 | 16.4 | 3772 | 16.1 | 3588 | 16.7 | ||
10th | 7280 | 16.2 | 3753 | 16.0 | 3527 | 16.4 | ||
11th | 7268 | 16.2 | 3570 | 15.2 | 3698 | 17.2 | ||
12th | 7021 | 15.6 | 3288 | 14.0 | 3733 | 17.3 | ||
Household Income | <0.0001 * | |||||||
Low | 5775 | 12.8 | 2556 | 10.9 | 3219 | 15.0 | ||
Middle | 21,655 | 48.1 | 11,252 | 48.0 | 10,403 | 48.3 | ||
High | 17,560 | 39.0 | 9653 | 41.1 | 7907 | 36.7 | ||
Region | 0.0341 * | |||||||
Metropolitan | 19,320 | 42.9 | 10,211 | 43.5 | 9109 | 42.3 | ||
Urban | 22,034 | 49.0 | 11,370 | 48.5 | 10,664 | 49.5 | ||
Rural | 3636 | 8.1 | 1880 | 8.0 | 1756 | 8.2 | ||
Smoking Status | <0.0001 * | |||||||
Never | 40,843 | 90.8 | 21,661 | 92.3 | 19,182 | 89.1 | ||
Ever | 4147 | 9.2 | 1800 | 7.7 | 2347 | 10.9 | ||
Alcohol Status | <0.0001 * | |||||||
Never | 30,456 | 67.7 | 16,859 | 71.9 | 13,597 | 63.2 | ||
Ever | 14,534 | 32.3 | 6602 | 28.1 | 7932 | 36.8 | ||
Physical Activity | <0.0001 * | |||||||
Low | 42,975 | 95.5 | 22,224 | 94.7 | 20,751 | 96.4 | ||
High | 2015 | 4.5 | 1237 | 5.3 | 778 | 3.6 | ||
Perceived Stress Level | <0.0001 * | |||||||
Low | 9841 | 21.9 | 6304 | 26.9 | 3537 | 16.4 | ||
Middle | 20,198 | 44.9 | 10,674 | 45.5 | 9524 | 44.2 | ||
High | 14,951 | 33.2 | 6483 | 27.6 | 8468 | 39.3 | ||
Drinking Soda | <0.0001 * | |||||||
No | 10,211 | 22.7 | 5543 | 23.6 | 4668 | 21.7 | ||
Yes | 34,779 | 77.3 | 17,918 | 76.4 | 16,861 | 78.3 | ||
Drinking Sweetened Beverage | <0.0001 * | |||||||
No | 7629 | 17.0 | 4341 | 18.5 | 3288 | 15.3 | ||
Yes | 37,361 | 83.0 | 19,120 | 81.5 | 18,241 | 84.7 | ||
Sleep Duration | <0.0001 * | |||||||
Adequate | 34,465 | 76.6 | 17,192 | 73.3 | 17,273 | 80.2 | ||
Inadequate | 10,525 | 23.4 | 6269 | 26.7 | 4256 | 19.8 | ||
Teeth Brushing Frequency | <0.0001 * | |||||||
0 times a day | 347 | 0.8 | 140 | 0.6 | 207 | 1.0 | ||
1 time | 3041 | 6.8 | 1337 | 5.7 | 1704 | 7.9 | ||
2 times | 19,701 | 43.8 | 10,067 | 42.9 | 9634 | 44.7 | ||
3 times | 17,164 | 38.2 | 9387 | 40.0 | 7777 | 36.1 | ||
4 times | 4737 | 10.5 | 2530 | 10.8 | 2207 | 10.3 |
Variables | Oral Health Symptoms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Diagnosis of Asthma | |||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.29 * | (1.01–1.66) | 1.94 * | (1.40–2.69) | |
Age (Grade) | |||||
7th (middle school) | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
8th | 1.03 | (0.94–1.14) | 1.20 * | (1.08–1.33) | |
9th | 1.15 * | (1.04–1.27) | 1.34 * | (1.21–1.50) | |
10th (high school) | 1.03 | (0.92–1.24) | 1.21 * | (1.09–1.34) | |
11th | 1.01 | (0.90–1.13) | 1.32 * | (1.18–1.48) | |
12th | 1.10 | (0.98–1.24) | 1.35 * | (1.20–1.52) | |
Household Income | |||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Middle | 0.81 * | (0.73–0.89) | 0.83 * | (0.75–0.91) | |
High | 0.82 * | (0.74–0.90) | 0.79 * | (0.72–0.86) | |
Region | |||||
Metropolitan | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Urban | 1.07 * | (1.00–1.14) | 0.99 | (0.93–1.06) | |
Rural | 0.97 | (0.86–1.10) | 0.96 | (0.84–1.11) | |
Smoking Status | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Ever | 1.20 * | (1.09–1.31) | 1.22 * | (1.06–1.40) | |
Alcohol Status | |||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Ever | 1.25 * | (1.17–1.33) | 1.40 * | (1.29–1.51) | |
Physical Activity | |||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
High | 0.76 * | (0.68–0.85) | 0.84 | (0.66–1.07) | |
Perceived Stress Level | |||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Middle | 1.43 * | (1.33–1.54) | 1.45 * | (1.33–1.58) | |
High | 1.85 * | (1.71–2.01) | 2.00 * | (1.83–2.18) | |
Drinking Soda | |||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.04 | (0.96–1.12) | 1.11 * | (1.04–1.19) | |
Drinking Sweetened Beverage | |||||
No | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Yes | 1.16 * | (1.06–1.26) | 1.25 * | (1.16–1.36) | |
Sleep Duration | |||||
Adequate | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Inadequate | 0.83 * | (0.78–0.89) | 0.80 * | (0.74–0.87) | |
Teeth Brushing Frequency | |||||
0 times a day | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
1 time | 0.89 | (0.68–1.17) | 0.95 | (0.57–1.59) | |
2 times | 0.68 * | (0.53–0.90) | 0.69 | (0.42–1.13) | |
3 times | 0.55 * | (0.43–0.72) | 0.58 * | (0.36–0.96) | |
4 times | 0.57 * | (0.43–0.76) | 0.64 | (0.38–1.05) |
Variables | Oral Health Symptoms | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | ||||||
Non | Asthma | Non | Asthma | ||||
OR | OR | 95% CI | OR | OR | 95% CI | ||
Age (Grade) | |||||||
7th (middle school) | 1.00 | 1.30 | (0.68–2.48) | 1.00 | 1.95 | (0.87–4.35) | |
8th | 1.00 | 1.75 | (0.94–3.23) | 1.00 | 2.05 | (0.98–4.27) | |
9th | 1.00 | 0.80 | (0.41–1.56) | 1.00 | 0.76 | (0.35–1.66) | |
10th (high school) | 1.00 | 1.58 | (0.61–4.07) | 1.00 | 2.96 * | (1.14–7.68) | |
11th | 1.00 | 1.56 | (0.79–3.09) | 1.00 | 3.06 * | (1.15–8.16) | |
12th | 1.00 | 1.04 | (0.61–1.77) | 1.00 | 2.19 | (0.87–5.54) | |
Household Income | |||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.07 | (0.52–2.20) | 1.00 | 2.08 | (0.78–5.62) | |
Middle | 1.00 | 1.47 | (0.97–2.24) | 1.00 | 2.18 * | (1.41–3.37) | |
High | 1.00 | 1.23 | (0.83–1.82) | 1.00 | 1.57 | (0.86–2.86) | |
Region | |||||||
Metropolitan | 1.00 | 0.81 | (0.57–1.14) | 1.00 | 2.41 | (1.44–4.03) | |
Urban | 1.00 | 1.88 * | (1.30–2.71) | 1.00 | 1.69 * | (1.08–2.66) | |
Rural | 1.00 | 1.18 | (0.44–3.21) | 1.00 | 1.54 | (0.24–9.86) | |
Smoking Status | |||||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.29 | (0.98–1.69) | 1.00 | 1.83 * | (1.31–2.57) | |
Ever | 1.00 | 1.33 | (0.67–2.66) | 1.00 | - | - | |
Alcohol Status | |||||||
Never | 1.00 | 1.36 | (0.97–1.90) | 1.00 | 1.73 * | (1.18–2.54) | |
Ever | 1.00 | 1.20 | (0.79–1.80) | 1.00 | 3.30 * | (1.60–6.79) | |
Physical Activity | |||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.33 * | (1.02–1.72) | 1.00 | 2.03 * | (1.45–2.86) | |
High | 1.00 | 0.81 | (0.30–2.25) | 1.00 | 0.54 | (0.07–4.29) | |
Perceived Stress level | |||||||
Low | 1.00 | 1.03 | (0.56–1.89) | 1.00 | 2.22 | (0.77–6.46) | |
Middle | 1.00 | 1.61 * | (1.06–2.44) | 1.00 | 2.20 * | (1.34–3.60) | |
High | 1.00 | 1.14 | (0.75–1.75) | 1.00 | 1.68 * | (1.04–2.72) | |
Drinking Soda | |||||||
No | 1.00 | 1.36 | (0.73–2.55) | 1.00 | 1.96 * | (1.07–3.58) | |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.28 | (0.97–1.69) | 1.00 | 1.95 * | (1.32–2.87) | |
Drinking Sweetened beverage | |||||||
No | 1.00 | 0.73 | (0.32–1.64) | 1.00 | 1.82 | (0.83–4.00) | |
Yes | 1.00 | 1.44 * | (1.09–1.90) | 1.00 | 1.99 * | (1.37–2.88) | |
Sleep Duration | |||||||
Adequate | 1.00 | 1.30 | (0.98–1.71) | 1.00 | 1.88 * | (1.29–2.74) | |
Inadequate | 1.00 | 1.25 | (0.67–2.31) | 1.00 | 2.26 * | (1.03–4.92) | |
Teeth Brushing Frequency | |||||||
0 times a day | 1.00 | 1.45 | (0.11–18.40) | 1.00 | 0.46 | (0.10–2.03) | |
1 time | 1.00 | 1.24 | (0.46–3.39) | 1.00 | 1.30 | (0.30–5.62) | |
2 times | 1.00 | 1.53 * | (1.06–2.22) | 1.00 | 1.52 | (0.93–2.49) | |
3 times | 1.00 | 1.02 | (0.65–1.59) | 1.00 | 2.54 * | (1.54–4.19) | |
4 times | 1.00 | 1.45 | (0.59–3.58) | 1.00 | 1.74 | (0.64–4.74) |
Variables | Oral Health Symptoms | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Boys | Girls | ||||
OR | 95% CI | OR | 95% CI | ||
Treatment Status | |||||
No asthma | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
Regularly | 1.00 | (0.66–1.53) | 1.30 | (0.73–2.30) | |
Irregularly | 1.43 * | (1.18–1.74) | 1.16 | (0.92–1.47) | |
Never | 1.29 * | (1.13–1.48) | 1.34 * | (1.15–1.57) | |
School Absence | |||||
No asthma | 1.00 | 1.00 | |||
≤3 days | 1.31 * | (1.17–1.46) | 1.28 * | (1.12–1.46) | |
≥4 days | 1.38 | (0.62–3.05) | 1.24 | (0.55–2.80) |
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Sim, K.-Y.; Jang, Y.-S.; Yoon, N.-Y.; Park, E.-C. Association between Asthma and Oral Health Symptoms in Adolescents. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 2921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042921
Sim K-Y, Jang Y-S, Yoon N-Y, Park E-C. Association between Asthma and Oral Health Symptoms in Adolescents. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):2921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042921
Chicago/Turabian StyleSim, Ka-Yun, Yun-Seo Jang, Na-Young Yoon, and Eun-Cheol Park. 2023. "Association between Asthma and Oral Health Symptoms in Adolescents" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 2921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20042921