SARS-CoV2 Infection and Comorbidity in Inmates: A Study of Central Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Esposito, M.; Salerno, M.; Di Nunno, N.; Ministeri, F.; Liberto, A.; Sessa, F. The Risk of COVID-19 Infection in Prisons and Prevention Strategies: A Systematic Review and a New Strategic Protocol of Prevention. Healthcare 2022, 10, 270. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sánchez, A.; Simas, L.; Diuana, V.; Larouze, B. COVID-19 in prisons: An impossible challenge for public health? Cad Saude Publica 2020, 36, e00083520. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Marquez, N.; Ward, J.A.; Parish, K.; Saloner, B.; Dolovich, S. COVID-19 Incidence and Mortality in Federal and State Prisons Compared with the US Population, April 5, 2020, to April 3, 2021. JAMA 2021, 326, 1865–1867. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Altobelli, E.; Marzi, F.; Angelone, A.M.; Mazzocca, R.; Mastrodomenico, M.; Petrocelli, R.; Marziliano, C. Burden of COVID-19 and Vaccination Coverage in the Italian Population as of October 2021. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 496. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization (WHO). Coronavirus Disease 2019 (COVID-19) Situation Report—36; WHO: Geneva, Switzerland, 2020; Available online: https://www.who.int/docs/default-source/coronaviruse/situation-reports/20200225-sitrep-36-covid-19.pdf (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Riccardo, F.; Ajelli, M.; Andrianou, X.D.; Bella, A.; Del Manso, M.; Fabiani, M.; Bellino, S.; Boros, S.; Urdiales, A.M.; Marziano, V.; et al. Epidemiological characteristics of COVID-19 cases and estimates of the reproductive numbers 1 month into the epidemic, Italy, 28 January to 31 March 2020. Eurosurveillance 2020, 25, 2000790. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Vella, R.; Giuga, G.; Piizzi, G.; Alunni Fegatelli, D.; Petroni, G.; Tavone, A.M.; Potenza, S.; Cammarano, A.; Mandarelli, G.; Marella, G.L. Health Management in Italian Prisons during COVID-19 Outbreak: A Focus on the Second and Third Wave. Healthcare 2022, 10, 282. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- World Health Organization Regional Office for Europe (WHO/Europe). Good Governance for Prison Health in the 21st Century: A Policy Brief on the Organization of Prison Health; WHO/Europe: Copenhagen, Denmark, 2013; ISBN 978 92 890 0050 5. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/326388 (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Ministero Della Giustizia. Statistiche Detenuti Italiani e Stranieri Presenti e Capienze per Istituto Aggiornamento al 31 Gennaio 2020. [Italian and Foreignprisoners Present and Capacities by Institution—Update of 31 January 2020. Ministero Della Giustizia: Rome, Italy, 2020. Italian]. Available online: https://www.giustizia.it/giustizia/it/mg_1_14_1.page?contentId=SST245520&previsiousPage=mg_1_14 (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Ministero Della Giustizia. Available online: https://www.giustizia.it/giustizia/it/mg_2_27.page (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Munday, D.; Leaman, J.; O’Moore, E.; Plugge, E. The prevalence of non-communicable disease in older people in prison: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Age Ageing 2018, 48, 204–212. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- WHO SAGE Roadmap for Prioritizing Uses of COVID-19 Vaccines in the Context of Limited Supply: An Approach to Inform Planning and Subsequent Recommendations Based on Epidemiological Setting and Vaccine Supply Scenarios, First Issued 20 October 2020. Available online: https://apps.who.int/iris/handle/10665/342917 (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- ISS Vaccinazione Contro COVID-19 Nelle Comunità Residenziali in Italia: Priorità e Modalità di Implementazione ad Interim Versione dell’8 Luglio 2021. Available online: https://www.iss.it/documents/20126/0/Rapporto+ISS+COVID-19+16_2021.pdf/b39f0142-41d6-7d4d-94e8-0668cfb95bf9?t=1625751318696 (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Stufano, A.; Buonvino, N.; Cagnazzo, F.; Armenise, N.; Pontrelli, D.; Curzio, G.; De Benedictis, L.; Lovreglio, P. Efficacy of the Measures Adopted to Prevent COVID-19 Outbreaks in an Italian Correctional Facility for Inmates Affected by Chronic Diseases. Front. Public Health 2021, 9, 694795. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Voller, F.; Silvestri, C.; Martino, G.; Fanti, E.; Bazzerla, G.; Ferrari, F.; Grignani, M.; Libianchi, S.; Pagano, A.M.; Scarpa, F.; et al. Health conditions of inmates in Italy. BMC Public Health 2016, 16, 1162. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gray, B.J.; Craddock, C.; Couzens, Z.; Bain, E.; Dunseath, G.J.; Shankar, A.G.; Luzio, S.D.; Perrett, S.E. Abundance of undiagnosed cardiometabolic risk within the population of a long-stay prison in the UK. Eur. J. Public Health 2020, 31, 461–466. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Liu, D.; Yuan, X.; Gao, F.; Zhao, B.; Ding, L.; Huan, M.; Liu, C.; Jiang, L. High Number and Specific Comorbidities Could Impact the Immune Response in COVID-19 Patients. Front. Immunol. 2022, 13, 899930. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toofan, F.; Hosseini, S.M.; Alimohammadzadeh, K.; Jafari, M.; Bahadori, M. Impact of comorbidities on mortality in hospitalized patients with COVID-19: An experience from Iran. J. Educ. Health Promot. 2021, 10, 460. [Google Scholar]
- Liu, D.; Zheng, Y.; Kang, J.; Wang, D.; Bai, L.; Mao, Y.; Zha, G.; Tang, H.; Zhang, R. Not Only High Number and Specific Comorbidities but Also Age Are Closely Related to Progression and Poor Prognosis in Patients with COVID-19. Front. Med. 2022, 8, 736109. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Romano, C.A.; Ravagnani, L.; Convertini, A.; Dassisti, L.; Fanizza, A.R.; Misceo, F.; Corbi, G.M.; Campobasso, C.P.; Tafuri, S.; Bianchi, F.P.; et al. The aging process in prison: Pathologies and health conditions in old inmates. An epidemiological research in Italy. Clin. Ter. 2020, 171, e340–e345. [Google Scholar]
- Dolan, K.; Wirtz, A.L.; Moazen, B.; Ndeffo-Mbah, M.; Galvani, A.; Kinner, S.A.; Courtney, R.; McKee, M.; Amon, J.J.; Maher, L.; et al. Global burden of HIV, viral hepatitis, and tuberculosis in prisoners and detainees. Lancet 2016, 388, 1089–1102. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kinner, S.A.; Young, J.T. Understanding and Improving the Health of People Who Experience Incarceration: An Overview and Synthesis. Epidemiol. Rev. 2018, 40, 4–11. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- European Centre for Disease Prevention and Control (ECDC). Guidance on Infection Prevention and Control of COVID-19 in Migrant and Refugee Reception and Detention Centres in the EU/EEA and the UK. Available online: https://www.ecdc.europa.eu/en/publications-data/covid-19-guidance-prevention-control-migrant-refugee-centres (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Wallace, D.; Eason, J.; Walker, J.; Towers, S.; Grubesic, T.; Nelson, J. Is There a Temporal Relationship between COVID-19 Infections among Prison Staff, Incarcerated Persons and the Larger Community in the United States? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 6873. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tozzo, P.; D’Angiolella, G.; Caenazzo, L. Prisoners in a pandemic: We should think about detainees during COVID-19 outbreak. Forensic Sci. Int. Synerg. 2020, 2, 162–163. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Onder, G.; Rezza, G.; Brusaferro, S. Case-fatality rate and characteristics of patients dying in relation to COVID-19 in Italy. JAMA 2020, 323, 1775–1776. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Mitka, M. Aging Prisoners Stressing Health Care System. JAMA 2004, 292, 423–424. [Google Scholar]
- Italian Health Ministry. Relazione sullo Stato Sanitario del Paese 2012–2013. 2014. Available online: https://www.salute.gov.it/imgs/C_17_pubblicazioni_2258_allegato.pdf (accessed on 16 November 2022).
- Kinner, S.A.; Young, J.T.; Snow, K.; Southalan, L.; Lopez-Acuña, D.; Ferreira Borges, C.; O’Moore, É. Prisons and custodial settings are part of a comprehensive response to COVID-19. Lancet Public Health 2020, 5, e188–e189. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
L’Aquila Prison | Sulmona Prison | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Variables | Present No. (%) | Absent No. (%) | Present No. (%) | Absent No. (%) |
Respiratory | 14 (8.59) | 149 (91.41) | 49 (11.56) | 375 (88.44) |
Cardiovascular | 45 (27.61) | 118 (72.39) | 119 (28.07) | 305 (71.93) |
Type 2 DM | 8 (4.91) | 155 (95.09) | 35 (8.25) | 389 (91.75) |
Renal Chronic Insufficient | 0 (0.00) | 163 (100.00) | 2 (0.47) | 422 (99.53) |
Hematologic disease | 8 (4.91) | 155 (95.09) | 10 (2.36) | 414 (97.64) |
Cancers | 10 (6.13) | 153 (93.87) | 20 (4.72) | 404 (95.28) |
Immunodeficiency | 1 (0.61) | 162 (99.39) | 1 (0.24) | 423 (99.76) |
HIV | 2 (1.23) | 161 (98.77) | 2 (0.47) | 422 (99.53) |
Urological disease | 31 (19.02) | 132 (80.98) | 70 (16.51) | 354 (83.49) |
Orthopedic disease | 47 (28.83) | 116 (71.17) | 133 (31.37) | 291 (68.63) |
Gastroenteric disease | 40 (24.54) | 123 (75.46) | 115 (27.12) | 309 (72.88) |
Variables | Females | Males | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Present No. (%) | Absent No. (%) | Present No. (%) | Absent No. (%) | |
Respiratory | 1 (0.08) | 12 (0.92) | 13 (0.09) | 137 (0.91) |
Cardiovascular | 6 (0.46) | 7 (0.54) | 39 (0.26) | 111 (0.74) |
Type 2 DM | 2 (0.15) | 11 (0.85) | 6 (0.04) | 144 (0.96) |
Renal Chronic Insufficient | 0 (0.00) | 13 (1.00) | 0 (0.00) | 150 (1.00) |
Hematologic disease | 1 (0.08) | 12 (0.92) | 7 (0.05) | 143 (0.95) |
Cancers | 1 (0.08) | 12 (0.92) | 9 (0.06) | 141 (0.94) |
Immunodeficiency | 0 (0.00) | 13 (1.00) | 1 (0.01) | 149 (0.99) |
HIV | 0 (0.00) | 13 (1.00) | 2 (0.01) | 148 (0.99) |
Urological disease | 0 (0.00) | 13 (1.00) | 31 (0.21) | 119 (0.79) |
Orthopedic disease | 6 (0.46) | 7 (0.54) | 41 (0.27) | 109 (0.73) |
Gastroenteric disease | 3 (0.23) | 10 (0.77) | 37 (0.25) | 113 (0.75) |
Age-group | 25–50 (Total 62) | 51–60 (Total 50) | >60 (Total 51) | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Severity | Hosp out | Hosp in | Asymp | Neg | p | Hosp out | Hosp in | Asymp | Neg | p | Hosp out | Hosp in | Asymp | Neg | p |
No. of co. | |||||||||||||||
L’Aquila Prison | |||||||||||||||
0 No % | 0 0.00 | 0 0.00 | 2 3.23 | 19 30.65 | 0.0001 | 0 0.00 | 1 2.00 | 5 10.00 | 2 4.00 | 0.17 | 0 0.00 | 0 0.00 | 0 0.00 | 3 5.88 | 0.008 |
1–2 No % | 0 0.00 | 4 6.45 | 9 14.52 | 17 27.42 | 0 0.00 | 1 2.00 | 10 20.00 | 8 16.00 | 0 0.00 | 2 3.92 | 3 5.88 | 15 29.41 | |||
>2 No % | 0 0.00 | 5 8.06 | 4 6.45 | 2 3.23 | 1 2.00 | 7 14.00 | 8 16.00 | 7 14.00 | 0 0.00 | 6 11.76 | 12 23.53 | 10 19.61 | |||
Sulmona Prison | |||||||||||||||
Age-group | 25–50 (total 193) | 51–60 (total 123) | >60 (total 108) | ||||||||||||
Severity | Hosp out | Hosp in | Asymp | Neg | p | Hosp out | Hosp in | Asymp | Neg | p | Hosp out | Hosp in | Asymp | Neg | p |
No. of co. | |||||||||||||||
0 No % | 0 0.00 | 1 0.52 | 13 6.74 | 68 35.23 | 0.73 | 1 0.81 | 0 0.00 | 10 8.13 | 28 22.76 | 0.33 | 1 0.93 | 0 0.00 | 5 4.63 | 15 13.89 | 0.29 |
1–2 No % | 0 0.00 | 0 0.00 | 11 5.70 | 67 34.72 | 0 0.00 | 2 1.63 | 9 7.32 | 35 28.46 | 2 1.85 | 2 1.85 | 8 7.41 | 17 15.74 | |||
>2 No % | 0 0.00 | 1 0.52 | 8 4.15 | 24 12.44 | 2 1.63 | 2 1.63 | 13 10.57 | 21 17.07 | 4 3.70 | 6 5.56 | 19 17.59 | 29 26.85 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Altobelli, E.; Galassi, F.; Mastrodomenico, M.; Frabotta, F.; Marzi, F.; Angelone, A.M.; Marziliano, C. SARS-CoV2 Infection and Comorbidity in Inmates: A Study of Central Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043079
Altobelli E, Galassi F, Mastrodomenico M, Frabotta F, Marzi F, Angelone AM, Marziliano C. SARS-CoV2 Infection and Comorbidity in Inmates: A Study of Central Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043079
Chicago/Turabian StyleAltobelli, Emma, Francesca Galassi, Marianna Mastrodomenico, Fausto Frabotta, Francesca Marzi, Anna Maria Angelone, and Ciro Marziliano. 2023. "SARS-CoV2 Infection and Comorbidity in Inmates: A Study of Central Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3079. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043079