Effectiveness of Group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Problem Behaviors in Chinese Kindergartners
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Problem Behaviors
1.2. Relationships between Parenting and Problem Behaviors
1.3. Advances in Early Intervention Studies
The Present Study
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Intervention
3. Measures
3.1. Demographic Questionnaire
3.2. Problem Behavior
3.3. Parenting Behaviors
3.3.1. Maternal Positive Control
3.3.2. Maternal Negative Control
3.4. Maternal Intervention Experiences and Satisfaction
4. Data Analytical Strategy
5. Results
5.1. Preliminary Analyses
5.2. Intervention Effects of Problem Behavior
5.3. Intervention Effects of Parenting Behaviors
6. Discussion
Limitations and Strengths
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Means (SD) or Percentages | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 58) | WL (n = 32) | IT (n = 26) | p | |
Child age | 2.95 (0.22) | 3 (0.01) | 2.88 (0.33) | 0.083 |
Child gender—male% | 51.70% | 46.90% | 57.70% | 0.421 |
Only-child% | 63.80% | 53.10% | 76.90% | 0.062 |
Mothers’ age(years) | 35.72 (4.46) | 36.43 (4.69) | 34.83 (4.35) | 0.193 |
Mothers’ education-Bachelor’s degree% | 90.70% | 93.30% | 87.50% | 0.586 |
Family structure-nuclear% | 41.40% | 37.50% | 46.20% | 0.314 |
Teachers teaching years | 10.33(8.10) | 10.31(8.17) | 10.35(8.18) | 0.988 |
Waitlist Group (n = 32) | Immediate Treatment Group (n = 26) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | p |
Social withdraw | 14.41 ± 1.78 | 13.94 ± 1.50 | 15.23 ± 2.83 | 14.59 ± 1.79 | 0.144 |
Depression | 14.38 ± 0.71 | 14.28 ± 0.63 | 14.62 ± 1.06 | 14.24 ± 0.71 | 0.074 |
Aggressive | 32.93 ± 2.56 | 32.47 ± 2.68 | 34.15 ± 3.59 | 31.93 ± 1.16 | 0.001 * |
Destructive | 14.41 ± 0.67 | 14.25 ± 0.51 | 14.81 ± 1.41 | 14.81 ± 1.41 | 0.130 |
Overall problem behaviors | 75.81 ± 4.22 | 74.94 ± 4.44 | 78.19 ± 2.86 | 75.19 ± 2.86 | 0.035 * |
Waitlist Group (n = 32) | Immediate Treatment Group (n = 26) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Measures | Pre | Post | Pre | Post | p |
Positive control | 1.57 ± 0.40 | 1.82 ± 1.07 | 1.55 ± 0.30 | 1.86 ± 0.20 | 0.480 |
Negative control | 1.03 ± 0.10 | 1.07 ± 0.14 | 1.03 ± 0.07 | 0.97 ± 0.20 | 0.090 |
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Sun, J.; Liu, M.; Li, X.; Zhou, Y.; Li, Y. Effectiveness of Group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Problem Behaviors in Chinese Kindergartners. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043446
Sun J, Liu M, Li X, Zhou Y, Li Y. Effectiveness of Group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Problem Behaviors in Chinese Kindergartners. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043446
Chicago/Turabian StyleSun, Juanjuan, Mowei Liu, Xiaoyun Li, Yuena Zhou, and Yan Li. 2023. "Effectiveness of Group Parent-Child Interaction Therapy on Problem Behaviors in Chinese Kindergartners" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3446. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043446