The Interrelationship of Loneliness, Smartphone Addiction, Sleep Quality, and Students’ Attention in English as a Foreign Language Class
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Rationale of the Research
1.2. Literature Review
1.2.1. Smartphone Addiction
1.2.2. Attention in EFL Class
1.2.3. Sleep Quality of University Students
1.2.4. Loneliness in College Students
1.3. Hypothesis Development
1.3.1. Smartphone Addiction and Attention in Class
1.3.2. Smartphone Addiction and Sleep Quality
1.3.3. Quality of Sleep and Attention in EFL Class
1.3.4. Quality of Sleep as a Possible Mediator between Smartphone Addiction and Attention in EFL Class
1.3.5. Loneliness and Smartphone Addiction
1.4. Conceptual Framework
2. Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Procedure
2.3. Instruments
2.4. Data Analysis and Results
2.5. Assessment of Measurement Model
2.6. Assessment of Structural Model
2.7. Hypothesis Testing
3. Discussion
4. Conclusions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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M | SD | UCLALS | SPAS | SQI | AEFLCS | Skewness | Kurtosis | VIF | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UCLALS | 2.14 | 0.61 | - | 0.120 | −0.157 | 1.138 | |||
SPAS | 3.35 | 1.01 | 0.148 * | - | 0.171 | −0.015 | 1.160 | ||
SQI | 1.36 | 0.42 | −0.313 * | −0.278 * | - | −0.754 | 0.487 | 1.242 | |
AEFLCS | 4.61 | 0.92 | −0.248 * | −0.323 * | 0.335 * | - | −0.890 | 1.810 | 1.231 |
Scale | CA | CR | AVE | HTMT | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
UCLALS | SPAS | SQI | AEFLCS | ||||
UCLALS | 0.957 | 0.952 | 0.295 | - | |||
SPAS | 0.911 | 0.909 | 0.507 | 0.158 | - | ||
SQI | 0.891 | 0.888 | 0.323 | 0.341 | 0.316 | - | |
AEFLCS | 0.964 | 0.963 | 0.354 | 0.262 | 0.345 | 0.365 | - |
Path | Estimate | LLCI | ULCI | p | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
SPAS → AEFLCS | −0.252 | −0.333 | −0.130 | 0.015 | H1: Supported |
SPAS → SQI | −0.326 | −0.423 | −0.229 | 0.003 | H2: Supported |
SQI → AEFLCS | 0.271 | 0.154 | 0.383 | 0.007 | H3: Supported |
SPAS → SQI → AEFLCS | −0.094 | −0.180 | −0.057 | 0.002 | H4: Partially supported |
UCLALS → SPAS | 0.165 | 0.044 | 0.270 | 0.019 | H5: Supported |
SPAS → SQI → AEFLCS | Estimate | LLCI | ULCI | p | Status |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Indirect effect | −0.094 | −0.180 | −0.057 | 0.002 | Partial mediation |
Direct effect | −0.270 | −0.359 | −0.123 | 0.016 | |
Total effect | −0.364 | −0.479 | −0.231 | 0.009 |
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Kao, P.-C. The Interrelationship of Loneliness, Smartphone Addiction, Sleep Quality, and Students’ Attention in English as a Foreign Language Class. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043460
Kao P-C. The Interrelationship of Loneliness, Smartphone Addiction, Sleep Quality, and Students’ Attention in English as a Foreign Language Class. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043460
Chicago/Turabian StyleKao, Po-Chi. 2023. "The Interrelationship of Loneliness, Smartphone Addiction, Sleep Quality, and Students’ Attention in English as a Foreign Language Class" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3460. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043460