Peer Support Activities for Veterans, Serving Members, and Their Families: Results of a Scoping Review
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Identification of Research Question
- What are the characteristics of the veterans, serving members, and their families participating in these peer support activities?
- What are the types and characteristics of the peer support activities evaluated in the literature for veterans, serving members, and their families?
- Which domains of well-being are these activities aiming to improve?
- What are the gaps and limitations in the literature on peer support activities for veterans, serving members, and their families?
2.2. Identification of Relevant Publications
2.3. Article Selection
2.4. Data Collection
2.5. Collating and Summarizing Results
- Publication characteristics: including year of publication, country, journal, and design of the publication;
- Participant information: including group (veteran, serving member, families), health condition, phase of the life course, and sex and gender;
- Activity information: including name, format, modality, timing, duration and intensity, supervision, cost, reported adverse effects, and measured outcomes;
- Peer information: including main role of peer, integration in a clinical team, training, and category related to remuneration. A ‘yes’ or ‘no’ approach to the training component was used, due to the varied nature of training described in the literature.
3. Results
3.1. Participant Characteristics
3.2. Activity Characteristics
3.3. Peer Characteristics
3.4. Veterans’ Well-Being Framework
4. Discussion
4.1. Participant and Activity Characteristics
4.2. Domains of Well-Being
4.3. Gaps and Limitations in the Literature
4.4. Study Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Activity Name | Number of Publications |
---|---|
Not Named | 24 |
Vet-to-Vet | 5 |
Trauma Risk Management (TRiM) | 3 |
Evaluation of a Peer Coach-Led Intervention to Improve Pain Symptoms (ECLIPSE) | 2 |
Improving Pain using Peer-Reinforced Self-Management Strategies (IMPPRESS) | 2 |
Group-intensive peer support (GIPS) model for the Housing and Urban Development-Veterans Affairs Supportive Housing (HUD-VASH) program | 2 |
Patient Aligned Care Team (PACT); Homeless-oriented PACT (H-PACT) | 2 |
Taking Charge of My Life and Health (TCMLH) | 2 |
Posts Working for Veterans’ Health (POWER) | 2 |
MOVE!+UP | 2 |
AMPS (Administering MISSION Vet using Peer Support) | 2 |
Mentors Offering Maternal Support (MOMS) | 2 |
Peer Supported Beating the Blues (PS-cCBT) | 2 |
Homefront | 2 |
The VA Palo Alto Health Care System (VAPAHCS) Peer Support Program (PSP) | 2 |
Stand Down: Think Before You Drink + Peer Support | 1 |
The Military Spouse Online Autism Relocation Readiness (MilSOARR) | 1 |
Quick Reaction Force | 1 |
Trojan’s Trek (TT) Peer Outdoor Support Therapy (POST) | 1 |
Living-Well | 1 |
Buddy-Care | 1 |
Mentorship for Addictions Problems to Enhance Engagement to Treatment (MAP-Engage) | 1 |
Veteran Coffee Socials | 1 |
Mission Strong Booster Session | 1 |
Shared Medical Appointments | 1 |
Motivational Coaching to Enhance Mental Health Engagement in Rural Veterans (COACH) | 1 |
The Artful Grief Studio | 1 |
MOVE OUT | 1 |
The Stanford Program (chronic condition self-management [CCSM]) | 1 |
Care Coordination Home Telehealth (CCHT) | 1 |
Thinking Forward with Peer Support | 1 |
VA CONNECT | 1 |
Next Mission; Women Warriors | 1 |
Big Brother Program | 1 |
Caring Cards | 1 |
Reciprocal Diabetes Peer Support Program (RPS) with Nurse Care Management (NCM) | 1 |
Operational Stress Injury Social Support (OSISS) Peer Support Network (PSN) | 1 |
Spark People (SP) | 1 |
Outdoor Recreational activities | 1 |
Armed Forces and Veterans’ Breakfast Clubs (AFVBCs) | 1 |
Depression Intervention, Actively Learning and Understanding With Peers (DIAL-UP) | 1 |
The Exposure Therapy Peer Support Program | 1 |
Peer Enhanced Exposure Therapy (PEET) | 1 |
The Right Turn | 1 |
The Strong Military Families (SMF) intervention | 1 |
Vets & Friends | 1 |
The Wellness Program | 1 |
Empowering Patients in Chronic Care | 1 |
AboutFace | 1 |
Understanding Suicide | 1 |
Post War: Survive to Thrive Program | 1 |
VA Student Partnership for Rural Veterans (VSP) | 1 |
Adapted Maintaining Independence and Sobriety through Systems Integration, Outreach, and Networking-Veterans Edition (MISSION-Vet) | 1 |
Veteran Supported Education Treatment Manual (VetSEd) | 1 |
Proactive, Recovery-Oriented Treatment Navigation to Engage Racially Diverse Veterans in Mental Healthcare (PARTNER-MH) | 1 |
Project The Outreach and Rehabilitation Center for Homeless Veterans (TORCH) Peer Mentor Program | 1 |
VETS PREVAIL | 1 |
Peer-delivered Whole Health Coaching | 1 |
Web MOVE | 1 |
Peers Enhancing Recovery (PEER) | 1 |
Citation | Population Group | Peer Role | Measured Domain | Positively Associated Domain |
---|---|---|---|---|
Hall et al. 2020 [38] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Life Skills, Health | Health |
McDermott 2020 [39] | Veterans | Informal Support | Social Integration | Social Integration |
Thoits et al. 2000 [40] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration | N/A |
Geron et al. 2003 [41] | Families | Informal Support | Social Integration, Life Skills | Social Integration |
Resnick and Rosenheck 2010 [42] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | N/A | N/A |
Perlman et al. 2010 [43] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration, Life Skills | Health, Social Integration, Life Skills |
Heisler and Piette 2005 [44] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Purpose, Life Skills | Purpose, Life Skills |
Weissman et al. 2005 [45] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Housing and Physical Environment, Purpose, Social Integration, Health | Housing and Physical Environment, Purpose |
Vakharia et al. 2007 [46] | Veterans | Informal Support | Life Skills, Health | Life skills, Health |
Barber et al. 2008 [47] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Purpose | N/A |
Resnick and Rosenheck 2008 [48] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Life Skills, Health | Life Skills, Health |
Greenberg et al. 2011 [49] | Serving Members | Peer Educator | N/A | N/A |
Tracy et al. 2011 [50] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Life Skills | N/A |
Long et al. 2012 [51] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health | Health |
Greenberg et al. 2010 [52] | Serving Members | Peer Educator | Health, Culture/Social Environment | N/A |
Heisler et al. 2010 [53] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration, Life Skills | Health, Social Integration |
Eisen et al. 2012 [54] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Purpose, Social Integration, Health | N/A |
Beattie et al. 2013 [55] | Mix: Veterans and Families | Informal Support | Health, Purpose, Life Skills | Health, Life Skills |
Gabrielian et al. 2013 [56] | Veterans | Peer Educator | N/A | N/A |
Mosack et al. 2013 [57] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Health, Life Skills, Social Integration | Health, Life Skills |
Nichols et al. 2013 [58] | Families | Informal Support | Health, Life Skills, Social Integration | Health, Social Integration |
Beehler et al. 2014 [59] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Life Skills, Social Integration | Life Skills |
Mosack et al. 2012 [60] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Life Skills, Health | Health, Life Skills |
Tsai and Rosenheck 2012 [61] | Veterans | Informal Support | Housing and Physical Environment, Health, Social Integration | Social Integration, Health, Housing and Physical Environment |
VanVoorhees et al. 2012 [62] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Life Skills, Culture/Social Environment | Health, Culture/Social Environment |
Weis and Ryan 2012 [63] | Families, Serving Members | Peer Facilitator | Life Skills, Social Integration | N/A |
Holtz et al. 2014 [64] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health | N/A |
Matthias et al. 2020 [65] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Life Skills | N/A |
Tsai et al. 2014 [66] | Veterans | Informal Support | N/A | N/A |
Whittle et al. 2014 [67] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Health, Life Skills | N/A |
Bird 2015 [68] | Mix: Veterans and Serving Members | Peer Facilitator | Health, Purpose, Social Integration, Life Skills | Health, Purpose, Social Integration, Life Skills |
Chinman et al. 2015 [3] | Veterans | Peer Case Manager | Purpose, Life Skills, Social Integration, Health | Life Skills |
Matthias et al. 2015 [69] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Life Skills, Social Integration | N/A |
Valenstein et al. 2016 [70] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Purpose | N/A |
Nelson et al. 2014 [71] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health | Health |
Cohen et al. 2017 [72] | Veterans | Informal Support | N/A | N/A |
Fletcher et al. 2017 [73] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Social Integration | Social Integration |
Vagharseyyedin et al. 2017 [74] | Families | Peer Facilitator | Social Integration, Purpose | Social Integration |
Weis et al. 2017 [75] | Families, Serving Members | Peer Facilitator | Health, Social Integration, Life Skills | Health |
Yoon et al. 2017 [76] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | N/A | N/A |
Young et al. 2017 [77] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health | Health |
Chinman et al. 2018 [78] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Health, Social Integration | N/A |
Cheney et al. 2016 [79] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | N/A | N/A |
Ellison et al. 2016 [80] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Life Skills | N/A |
Jain et al. 2016 [81] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration | N/A |
Matthias et al. 2016 [82] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | N/A | N/A |
Ellison et al. 2018 [83] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Life Skills | Life Skills |
Goetter et al. 2018 [84] | Veterans | Peer Case Manager | Life Skills | N/A |
Gorman et al. 2018 [85] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Social Integration | Social Integration |
Julian et al. 2018 [86] | Mix: Serving Members and Families | Informal Support | Life Skills | Life Skills |
Messinger et al. 2018 [87] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Life Skills | N/A |
Hernandez-Tejada et al. 2017 [88] | Veterans | Informal Support | N/A | N/A |
Hernandez-Tejada et al. 2017 [89] | Veterans | Informal Support | N/A | N/A |
Jones et al. 2017 [90] | Serving Members | Peer Counsellor | Health | Health |
Resnik et al. 2017 [91] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | N/A | N/A |
Vagharseyyedin et al. 2018 [92] | Families | Peer Facilitator | Health | Health |
Hamblen et al. 2019 [93] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health | N/A |
Haselden et al. 2019 [94] | Families | Peer Facilitator | Health, Social Integration, Life Skills | Health, Social Integration, Life Skills |
Kumar et al. 2019 [95] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Life Skills, Social Integration | Life Skills, Social Integration |
Lott et al. 2019 [96] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Life Skills, Social Integration, Health | Life Skills, Social Integration, Health |
McCarthy et al. 2019 [97] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Social Integration | N/A |
Possemato et al. 2019 [98] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Health, Purpose | N/A |
Romaniuk et al. 2019 [99] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Purpose, Health | Purpose, Health |
VanVoorhees et al. 2019 [100] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | N/A | N/A |
Arney et al. 2020 [101] | Veterans | Informal Support | Social Integration, Life Skills, Health | Social Integration, Life Skills, Health |
Azevedo et al. 2020 [102] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Social Integration, Life Skills | Social Integration, Life Skills |
Blonigen et al. 2020 [103] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Life Skills, Health | Life Skills |
Boehm et al. 2020 [104] | Mix: Veterans and Families | Informal Support | Social Integration | Social Integration |
Eliacin et al. 2020 [105] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | N/A | N/A |
Ellison et al. 2020 [106] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Housing | N/A |
Harris et al. 2020 [107] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Life Skills | Life Skills |
Hoerster et al. 2020 [108] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Health, Life Skills | Health, Life Skills |
Matthias et al. 2020 [109] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health | N/A |
Pfeiffer et al. 2020 [110] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Life Skills | Health, Life Skills |
Johnson et al. 2021 [111] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Life Skills | Life Skills |
van Reekum and Watt 2019 [112] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration | Health, Social Integration |
Albertson et al. 2017 [113] | Veterans | Informal Support | Purpose, Health | Purpose, Health |
DND 2005 [8] | Mix: Veterans and Serving Members | Peer Case Manager | N/A | N/A |
Yeshua-Katz 2021 [114] | Mix: Veterans and Families | Informal Support | N/A | N/A |
Turner et al. 2021 [115] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health, Life Skills | Health, Life Skills |
Strouse et al. 2021 [116] | Families | Informal Support | Social Integration, Purpose | Social Integration, Purpose |
Seal et al. 2021 [117] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Health, Social Integration | Health, Social Integration |
Schutt et al. 2021 [118] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Housing | N/A |
Robustelli et al. 2022 [119] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | N/A | N/A |
Rajai et al. 2021 [120] | Families | Informal Support | Life Skills, Social integration | Life Skills, Social integration |
Muralidharan et al. 2021 [121] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | N/A | N/A |
Gromatsky et al. 2021 [122] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration | Health, Social Integration |
Kremkow and Finke 2022 [123] | Families | Peer Counsellor | Social Integration, Life Skills | Social Integration, Life Skills |
Hernandez-Tejada et al. 2021 [124] | Veterans | Informal Support | N/A | N/A |
Gebhardt et al. 2021 [125] | Veterans | Informal Support | N/A | N/A |
Ehret et al. 2021 [126] | Mix: Veterans and Serving Members | Informal Support | Social Integration | Social Integration |
Heisler et al. 2021 [127] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Health | Health |
Coughlin et al. 2021 [128] | Serving Members | Peer Educator | N/A | N/A |
Balmer et al. 2020 [129] | Mix: Veterans and Families | Informal Support | Social Integration, Life Skills | Social Integration, Life Skills |
Abadi et al. 2021 [130] | Veterans | Peer Facilitator | Health, Life Skills | Health, Life Skills |
Wheeler et al. 2020 [131] | Veterans | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration | Health, Social Integration |
Villaruz Fisak et al. 2020 [132] | Serving Members | Informal Support | Health, Social Integration | N/A |
Norman et al. 2020 [133] | Veterans | Informal Support | Social Integration, Life Skills, Health | Social Integration, Life Skills, Health |
Haselden et al. 2020 [134] | Families | Peer Facilitator | Life Skills | Life Skills |
Long et al. 2020 [135] | Veterans | Peer Counsellor | Health | N/A |
Abadi et al. 2021 [136] | Veterans | Peer Educator | Health, Life Skills | Health, Life Skills |
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Search Strategy | Results |
---|---|
| 26,856 |
| 22,342 |
| 2410 |
| 23,893 |
| 1309 |
| 13,483 |
| 12,509 |
| 1365 |
| 1293 |
| 2943 |
| 88,081 |
| 30,660 |
| 8075 |
| 8437 |
| 14,515 |
| 3569 |
| 231,843 |
| 251,323 |
| 1455 |
| 1,405,292 |
| 1455 |
| 1307 |
Variable | Number of Publications (%) |
---|---|
Country of Publication | |
United States | 85 (84.2) |
UK | 6 (5.9) |
Iran | 3 (3.0) |
Australia | 3 (3.0) |
Canada | 2 (2.0) |
Israel | 2 (2.0) |
Design | |
Experimental | 32 (31.7) |
Mixed-methods | 22 (21.8) |
Quasi-experimental | 22 (21.8) |
Qualitative | 16 (15.8) |
Observational | 5 (5.0) |
Other Publication | 2 (2.0) |
Case Study | 2 (2.0) |
Variable | Number of Publications (%) |
---|---|
Main Population | |
Veterans | 77 (76.2) |
Combination | 10 (9.9) |
Families | 9 (8.9) |
Serving members | 5 (5.0) |
Health Condition | |
No condition specified | 29 (28.7) |
Metabolic/Cardiovascular | 15 (14.9) |
PTSD | 15 (14.9) |
Non-specified mental health | 11 (10.9) |
Other mental health | 8 (7.9) |
Dual diagnosis | 7 (6.9) |
Substance use disorder | 4 (4.0) |
Chronic pain | 4 (4.0) |
Depression | 4 (4.0) |
Other condition | 3 (3.0) |
Cancer | 1 (1.0) |
Sex and Gender | |
Almost all or all male | 67 (66.3) |
Majority male | 11 (10.9) |
Almost all or all female | 9 (8.9) |
Not reported | 7 (6.9) |
Both | 5 (5.0) |
Majority female | 2 (2.0) |
Variable | Number of Publications (%) |
---|---|
Format | |
Group | 46 (45.5) |
One-to-one | 45 (44.6) |
Combination | 8 (7.9) |
Not reported | 2 (2.0) |
Modality | |
In-person | 58 (57.4) |
Choice | 11 (10.9) |
Phone | 10 (9.9) |
Online/Remotely | 10 (9.9) |
Combination | 10 (9.9) |
Not reported | 2 (2.0) |
Timing | |
Synchronous | 93 (92.1) |
Asynchronous | 6 (5.9) |
Combination | 2 (2.0) |
Peer Role | |
Informal peer support | 34 (33.7) |
Peer counsellor | 30 (29.7) |
Peer facilitator | 20 (19.8) |
Peer educator | 14 (13.9) |
Peer case manager | 3 (3.0) |
Peer Supervision | |
Yes | 83 (82.2) |
No mention | 18 (17.8) |
Peer Part of Clinical Team | |
No | 65 (64.4) |
Yes | 35 (34.7) |
N/A | 1 (1.0) |
Peer Training | |
Yes | 73 (72.3) |
No | 25 (24.8) |
Not reported | 3 (3.0) |
Evaluated Domains 1 | |
Health | 56 (55.4) |
Life Skills | 44 (43.6) |
Social integration | 39 (38.6) |
N/A | 20 (19.8) |
Employment and meaningful activity/purpose | 13 (12.9) |
Housing and physical environment | 4 (4.0) |
Culture/social environment | 2 (2.0) |
Positively Associated Domains 1 | |
N/A | 44 (43.6) |
Health | 34 (33.7) |
Life skills | 30 (29.7) |
Social integration | 26 (25.7) |
Employment and meaningful activity/purpose | 6 (5.9) |
Housing and physical environment | 2 (2.0) |
Culture/social environment | 1 (1.0) |
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© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Mercier, J.-M.; Hosseiny, F.; Rodrigues, S.; Friio, A.; Brémault-Phillips, S.; Shields, D.M.; Dupuis, G. Peer Support Activities for Veterans, Serving Members, and Their Families: Results of a Scoping Review. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043628
Mercier J-M, Hosseiny F, Rodrigues S, Friio A, Brémault-Phillips S, Shields DM, Dupuis G. Peer Support Activities for Veterans, Serving Members, and Their Families: Results of a Scoping Review. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043628
Chicago/Turabian StyleMercier, Jean-Michel, Fardous Hosseiny, Sara Rodrigues, Anthony Friio, Suzette Brémault-Phillips, Duncan M. Shields, and Gabrielle Dupuis. 2023. "Peer Support Activities for Veterans, Serving Members, and Their Families: Results of a Scoping Review" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3628. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043628