Badminton Improves Executive Function in Adults Living with Mild Intellectual Disability
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Experimental Design and Measurements
2.2.1. Badminton Intervention Program Development and Content
2.2.2. Measurement of Executive Function
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Differences in Executive Function between the Badminton and Control Groups before Badminton Intervention
3.2. Differences in Executive Function before vs. after Badminton Intervention
3.2.1. Inhibitory Control
3.2.2. Working Memory
3.2.3. Cognitive Flexibility
4. Discussion
4.1. Effects of Badminton on Inhibitory Control among Adults with Mild Intellectual Disability
4.2. Effects of Badminton on Working Memory among Adults with a Mild Intellectual Disability
4.3. Effects of Badminton on Cognitive Flexibility among Adults with a Mild Intellectual Disability
5. Conclusions
6. Limitations
7. Contribution to the Field
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Group | Sex | Age, y Mean (SD) | Height, cm Mean (SD) | Weight, kg Mean (SD) | BMI Mean (SD) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Badminton (n = 15) | Men (n = 10) | 36.00 (3.64) | 168.53 (9.23) | 70.51 (12.98) | 24.87 (4.52) |
Women (n = 5) | |||||
Sig | 0.486 | 0.378 | 0.467 | 0.378 | |
Control (n = 15) | Men (n = 10) | 35.60 (4.32) | 170.83 (11.46) | 73.98 (15.26) | 25.24 (3.84) |
Women (n = 5) | |||||
Sig | 0.371 | 0.161 | 0.233 | 0.387 | |
Total | 35.80 (3.93) | 168.68 (10.29) | 72.25 (14.25) | 25.05 (4.12) |
Training Content | Time | Strength | |
---|---|---|---|
Warm up | Warm-up exercises, mobile warm-up exercises, and jogging | 10 min | Low and medium |
Training | Badminton skills practice | 40 min | Medium and high |
1–3 weeks | Forehand grip, forehand grip, forehand serve, backhand grip, and backhand serve | Swing 10 min | |
With the shuttlecock 20 min | |||
Quality training: badminton special footwork, plank support, and static squat | Quality 10 min | ||
4–6 weeks | High shuttlecock technique (place swing, jump swing, and moving swing) | Swing 10 min | |
With the shuttlecock 20 min | |||
Quality training: a variety of jumping, crawling exercises, and heel exercises | Quality 10 min | ||
7–9 weeks | Net in situ and mobile net technique and shuttlecock picking technique | Swing 10 min | |
With the shuttlecock 20 min | |||
Game 10 min | |||
Quality training: running 1000 m and standing on one foot with their eyes closed | Quality 10 min | ||
10–12 weeks | Using a technique before catching a high shuttlecock (moving footwork practice); game practice | Swing 10 min | |
With the shuttlecock 20 min | |||
Game 10 min | |||
Quality training: full command footwork, push-ups and full squats | Quality 10 min | ||
Cool down | Static stretching | 10 min | Low |
Executive Function | Test Condition | Badminton (n = 15) | Control (n = 15) | t | p |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Stroop test | Response time (ms) | ||||
Inconsistent | 712.42 (163.15) | 740.12 (132.83) | 0.51 | 0.614 | |
Consistent | 695.04 (172.77) | 723.60 (156.39) | −0.475 | 0.639 | |
Inhibitory control ability | −28.35 (85.05) | −23.48 (198.10) | 0.088 | 0.931 | |
Accuracy (% correct) | |||||
Inconsistent | 81.33 (6.01) | 83.38 (5.62) | −0.964 | 0.343 | |
Consistent | 85.48 (6.20) | 85.48 (6.02) | 0.209 | 0.836 | |
1-Back test | Response time (ms) | ||||
1100.84 (402.60) | 1138.58 (299.18) | −0.998 | 0.335 | ||
Accuracy (% correct) | |||||
63.13 (20.67) | 66.32 (20.92) | −1.279 | 0.222 | ||
Task switching | Response time (ms) | ||||
Trails requiring no task switching | 1152.44 (181.10) | 1127.04 (200.76) | 0.364 | 0.719 | |
Trials requiring task switching | 1429.03 (284.20) | 1483.10 (322.77) | 0.487 | 0.630 | |
Cognitive flexibility ability | 276.60 (152.81) | 356.05 (184.96) | −1.283 | 0.210 | |
Accuracy (% correct) | |||||
Trails requiring no task switching | 85.72 (11.76) | 81.25 (13.78) | 0.955 | 0.348 | |
Trials requiring task switching | 73.77 (19.52) | 71.67 (17.19) | 0.350 | 0.732 |
Executive Function | Stroop Test | Badminton (n = 15) | Control (n = 15) | Time Effect | Group Effect | Interaction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Intervention Mean (SD) | After Intervention Mean (SD) | Before Intervention Mean (SD) | After Intervention Mean (SD) | |||||
Inhibitory control | Response time, inconsistent (ms) | 712.42 (163.15) | 618.57 (140.30) | 740.12 (132.83) | 704.12 (159.78) | 0.002 ** | 0.278 | 0.137 |
Response time, consistent (ms) | 695.04 (172.77) | 628.38 (153.84) | 723.60 (156.39) | 701.08 (157.45) | 0.024 * | 0.369 | 0.247 | |
Response time. inconsistent/consistent | −28.35 (85.05) | −9.81 (90.54) | −23.48 (198.10) | 3.03 (134.24) | 0.433 | 0.827 | 0.889 | |
Accuracy, inconsistent, (%) correct | 81.33 (6.01) | 91.22 (8.28) | 83.38 (5.62) | 87.67 (11.39) | 0.000 ** | 0.782 | 0.039 * | |
Accuracy, consistent, (%) correct | 85.48 (6.20) | 97.81 (5.37) | 85.48 (6.02) | 87.48 (7.77) | 0.000 ** | 0.021 * | 0.000 ** |
Indicators | Sources of Variation | F | p | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
Stroop test accuracy, inconsistent | Time within group 1 | 29.347 | 0.000 ** | 0.512 |
Time within group 2 | 5.512 | 0.026 * | 0.164 | |
Group within time (2) | 0.953 | 0.337 | 0.033 | |
Stroop test accuracy, consistent | Time within group 1 | 79.494 | 0.000 ** | 0.740 |
Time within group 2 | 1.141 | 0.295 | 0.039 | |
Group within time (2) | 19.627 | 0.000 ** | 0.412 |
Executive Function | 1-Back Test | Badminton (n = 15) | Control (n = 15) | Time Effect | Group Effect | Interaction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Intervention Mean (SD) | After Intervention Mean (SD) | Before Intervention Mean (SD) | After Intervention Mean (SD) | |||||
Working memory | Response time, ms | 1100.84 (402.60) | 905.70 (299.98) | 1138.58 (299.18) | 1109.24 (275.37) | 0.001 ** | 0.488 | 0.001 ** |
Accuracy, % correct | 63.13 (20.67) | 70.50 (20.44) | 66.32 (20.92) | 68.40 (22.26) | 0.001 ** | 0.944 | 0.025 * |
Indicators | Sources of Variation | F | p | η2 |
---|---|---|---|---|
1-back test response | time within group 1 | 26.185 | 0.000 ** | 0.483 |
time within group 2 | 0.592 | 0.448 | 0.021 | |
Group within time (2) | 3.748 | 0.063 | 0.118 | |
1-back test accuracy | time within group 1 | 21.701 | 0.000 ** | 0.437 |
time within group 2 | 1.736 | 0.198 | 0.058 | |
Group within time (2) | 0.072 | 0.790 | 0.003 |
Executive Function | Task switching Test | Badminton (n = 15) | Control (n = 15) | Time Effect | Group Effect | Interaction | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Before Intervention Mean (SD) | After Intervention Mean (SD) | Before Intervention Mean (SD) | After Intervention Mean (SD) | |||||
Cognitive flexibility | Response time (trails requiring no task switching), ms | 1152.44 (181.10) | 1002.51 (150.50) | 1127.04 (200.76) | 1140.37 (493.35) | 0.168 | 0.558 | 0.102 |
Response time (trials requiring task switching), ms | 1429.03 (284.20) | 1316.09 (247.07) | 1483.10 (322.77) | 1428.94 (317.61) | 0.003 ** | 0.431 | 0.264 | |
Response time (trials requiring task switching—trails requiring no task switching), ms | 276.60 (152.81) | 313.58 (179.53) | 356.05 (184.96) | 288.57 (415.21) | 0.759 | 0.734 | 0.298 | |
Accuracy (trails requiring no task switching), % correct | 85.72 (11.76) | 89.70 (8.31) | 81.25 (13.78) | 82.01 (16.72) | 0.221 | 0.174 | 0.400 | |
Accuracy (trials requiring task switching), % correct | 73.77 (19.52) | 83.30 (11.97) | 71.67 (17.19) | 77.20 (18.02) | 0.033 * | 0.435 | 0.557 |
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Wang, Y.; Wu, X.; Chen, H. Badminton Improves Executive Function in Adults Living with Mild Intellectual Disability. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043673
Wang Y, Wu X, Chen H. Badminton Improves Executive Function in Adults Living with Mild Intellectual Disability. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043673
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Yifan, Xueping Wu, and Huawei Chen. 2023. "Badminton Improves Executive Function in Adults Living with Mild Intellectual Disability" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3673. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043673