Determinants of COVID-19 Knowledge, Perception and Attitudes in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Method
2.1. Study Location and Design
2.2. Parts and Structure of the Questionnaire
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of the Sample
3.2. Linear Regression on Personal Factors Influencing COVID-19 Knowledge
3.3. Multinomial Logistic Regression Examining Determinants of Attitudes
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Question | Rating |
---|---|
Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) is an infectious disease | True |
Transmission only occurs in China, overseas and big cities | False |
Symptoms of the disease are similar to common cold/influenza | True |
Everyone can be infected by the disease | True |
Some of the characteristics are fever/heat, dry cough, shortness of breath and/or weakness | True |
People who have been infected by the virus may be asymptomatic | True |
Transmission of the virus from person to person | True |
Everyone can be exposed to the virus in public places | True |
Transmission of the virus can occur directly through invisible saliva splashes (droplets) from the nose/mouth of the sufferer | True |
Transmission of the virus can also occur indirectly through touching objects/surfaces touched by the patient | True |
The virus can enter the body without passing through the mucosa (in the mouth, nose and/or eyes) | False |
Prevention of transmission can be through the use of masks every time you leave the house | True |
Prevention of transmission does not need to be through keeping a distance of >1.5 m with people around (“distance is not important”) | False |
Wash your hands only before touching your face | True |
This disease is not transmitted through the air | False |
Appendix B
Attitude |
---|
If I show general symptoms (fever, cough, shortness of breath and/or weakness), I am ready for a rapid antigen test |
If the rapid test results are reactive for the antigen, I am willing to be tested via PCR |
If the results of the PCR test are positive, I am willing to self-isolate at home or in a health facility |
If I meet the requirements, I am willing to be vaccinated |
The government-distributed COVID-19 vaccine at present is not effective at preventing illness |
Appendix C
Household Condition | Score |
---|---|
Bedroom | |
Separated status | 0 = no; 1 = yes |
Cleanliness status | 0 = no; 1 = yes |
Window | 0 = no; 1 = yes, but rarely opened; 2 = yes, always opened |
Ventilation | 0 = no; 1 = yes, but area <10% of floor wide; 2 = yes, area ≥10% of floor wide |
Natural lighting | 0 = not enough/there is no sunlight; 1= enough/there is sunlight |
Kitchen | |
Separated status | 0 = no; 1 = yes |
Cleanliness status | 0 = no; 1 = yes |
Window | 0 = no; 1 = yes, but rarely opened; 2 = yes, always opened |
Ventilation | 0 = no; 1 = yes, but area <10% of floor wide; 2 = yes, area ≥10% of floor wide |
Natural lighting | 0 = not enough/there is no sunlight; 1 = enough/there is sunlight |
Family room | |
Separated status | 0 = no; 1 = yes |
Cleanliness status | 0 = no; 1 = yes |
Window | 0 = no; 1 = yes, but rarely opened; 2 = yes, always opened |
Ventilation | 0 = no; 1 = yes, but area <10% of floor wide; 2 = yes, area ≥10% of floor wide |
Natural lighting | 0 = not enough/there is no sunlight; 1 = enough/there is sunlight |
Toilet | |
Use of toilet | 0 = no; 1 = yes, shared publicly; 2 = yes, shared with neighbors; 3 = yes, private |
If yes, type of toilet | 0 = hole without floor; 1 = hole with floor; 2 = directly over running water; 3 = goose neck |
Final feces disposal | 0 = other; 1 = earth hole; 2 = river/lake/sea; 3 = field; 4 = waste-water disposal facility; 5 = septic tank |
Drinking water source | 0 = river/lake/irrigation water; 1 = rainwater; 2 = unprotected water spring; 3 = protected water spring; 4 = unprotected dug well; 5 = protected dug well; 6 = drilling/pump well; 7 = tap water retail/buy; 8 = tap water (state corporation); 9 = unbranded/refill water; 10 = branded/bottled water |
Assets | Score |
Car | 32 |
Motorcycle | 16 |
Air conditioning | 16 |
Water heater | 16 |
Bicycle | 8 |
Gas cylinder ≥12 kg | 8 |
Refrigerator | 2 |
Cable TV/TV | 2 |
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Variable | All (n = 462) | Male (n = 111) | Female (n = 351) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | Mean | Std. Dev. | |
Age (years) | 26.04 | +/−8.76 | 26.66 | +/−8.61 | 25.85 | +/−12.04 |
Socio-economic indicators | ||||||
Housing condition score | 78.92 | +/−8.49 | 80.07 | +/−8.03 | 78.55 | +/−8.61 |
Household assets | 22.72 | +/−9.76 | 21.35 | +/−10.14 | 23.15 | +/−9.62 |
Housing density (m2/person) | 43.81 | +/−239.43 | 37.94 | +/−91.8 | 45.67 | +/−269.9 |
Number of diseases | 0.55 | +/−0.72 | 0.49 | +/−0.71 | 0.56 | +/−0.72 |
Knowledge (0–15) | 10.58 | +/−3.27 | 9.65 | +/−3.92 | 10.87 | +/−2.98 |
Attitude towards AG test (1–5) * | 1.87 | +/−1.04 | 2.14 | +/−1.28 | 1.78 | +/−0.95 |
Attitude towards PCR test (1–5) * | 1.86 | +/−1.10 | 2.02 | +/−1.23 | 1.81 | +/−1.05 |
Attitudes reg. self-isolation (1–5) * | 1.66 | +/−1.02 | 1.89 | +/−1.22 | 1.59 | +/−0.94 |
Attitudes reg. vaccination (1–5) * | 2 | +/−1.20 | 2.13 | +/−1.37 | 1.96 | +/−1.14 |
Vaccine mistrust efficiency (1–5) * | 3.40 | +/−1.01 | 3.26 | +/−1.13 | 3.44 | +/−0.97 |
Education status | Number | Percent | Number | Percent | Number | Percent |
Elementary school | 18 | 3.90 | 5 | 4.50 | 13 | 3.70 |
Junior high school | 6 | 1.30 | 3 | 2.70 | 3 | 0.85 |
Senior high school | 225 | 48.70 | 49 | 44.14 | 176 | 50.14 |
College | 213 | 46.10 | 54 | 48.65 | 159 | 45.30 |
Employment status | ||||||
Student | 228 | 49.35 | 48 | 43.24 | 180, 51.28 | |
Employed | 188 | 40.69 | 58 | 52.25 | 130, 37.04 | |
Unemployed | 46 | 9.96 | 5 | 4.5 | 41 | 11.68 |
Administrative status | ||||||
Rural | 108 | 23.43 | 32 | 29.09 | 76 | 21.65 |
Urban | 353, | 76.57 | 78 | 70.91 | 275 | 78.35 |
Geographical status | ||||||
Peripheral | 39 | 8.46 | 16 | 4.65 | 23 | 19.66 |
Central | 422 | 91.54 | 328 | 95.35 | 94 | 80.66 |
Smoker | ||||||
Yes | 45 | 9.74 | 26 | 23.42 | 19 | 5.41 |
No | 417 | 90.26 | 85 | 76.58 | 332 | 94.59 |
Variable | Univariate Regression | Multiple Regression | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
Coefficient | 95% CI | Coefficient | 95% CI | |
Gender | ||||
Man | −1.22 * | −1.91; −0.53 | −1.26 | −1.94; −0.57 |
Age | −0.02 | −0.06; 0.01 | ||
Education status | ||||
Junior high school | 2.89 | −0.29; 6.06 | ||
Senior high school | 0.77 | −0.89; 2.41 | ||
College | 1.79 | −0.06; 3.64 | ||
Employment status | ||||
Employed | −0.24 | −0.87; 0.40 | ||
Unemployed | −0.63 | −1.67; 0.41 | ||
Housing condition score | 0.04 * | 0.003; 0.073 | 0.046 | 0.011; 0.08 |
Household assets | 0.027 | −0.004; 0.058 | - | - |
Housing density (m2/person) | 0.0008 | −0.0005; 0.002 | - | - |
Administrative status | ||||
Urban | −0.02 | −0.73; 0.69 | - | - |
Geographical status | ||||
Central | 1.19 * | 0.12; 2.26 | - | - |
Number of diseases | 0.48 * | 0.068; 0.9 | 0.49 | 0.079; 0.90 |
Smoker | −0.15 | −1.16; 0.86 | - | - |
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Share and Cite
Asyary, A.; Veruswati, M.; Alnur, R.D.; Saktiansyah, L.O.A.; Sagala, L.O.H.S.; Saptaputra, S.K.; Oktavia, E.; Herawati, M.H.; Wulandari, R.A.; Moshammer, H. Determinants of COVID-19 Knowledge, Perception and Attitudes in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043713
Asyary A, Veruswati M, Alnur RD, Saktiansyah LOA, Sagala LOHS, Saptaputra SK, Oktavia E, Herawati MH, Wulandari RA, Moshammer H. Determinants of COVID-19 Knowledge, Perception and Attitudes in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(4):3713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043713
Chicago/Turabian StyleAsyary, Al, Meita Veruswati, Rony Darmawansyah Alnur, La Ode Ahmad Saktiansyah, La Ode Hasnuddin S. Sagala, Syawal Kamiluddin Saptaputra, Eka Oktavia, Maria Holly Herawati, Ririn Arminsih Wulandari, and Hanns Moshammer. 2023. "Determinants of COVID-19 Knowledge, Perception and Attitudes in Indonesia: A Cross-Sectional Survey" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 4: 3713. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20043713