Sexual Behaviour and Attitudes towards Safe Sex of Youth Receiving Antiretroviral Care at Public Health Facilities in Palapye District, Botswana
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Study Population
2.3. Sampling and Recruitment
2.4. Inclusion and Exclusion Criteria
2.5. Data Collection Tool
2.6. Data Collection
2.7. Data Analysis
2.8. Reliability and Validity
2.9. Ethical Considerations
2.10. Study Setting
3. Results
3.1. Participants Characteristics
3.2. Basic Reproductive and Social Context of the Participants
3.3. Sexual Behaviour: Relationships and Disclosure
3.4. Sexual Experiences
3.5. Multiple Concurrent Partnerships
3.6. Age at First Sex
3.7. Unprotected Sexual Intercourse/Condom Use Practice
3.8. Attitudes towards Safe Sex
3.9. Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Behaviour
3.10. Risky Sexual Behaviours: Ever Had Sex
3.11. Condom Use Practice
3.12. Non-Disclosure
4. Discussion
4.1. Relationships and Disclosure
4.2. Sexual Preferences and Experiences
4.3. Multiple Concurrent Partnerships
4.4. Sexual Debut
4.5. Unprotected Sexual Intercourse
4.6. Attitudes towards Safe Sex
4.7. Factors Associated with Risky Sexual Behaviours
4.8. Alcohol, Smoking and Substance Use
4.9. Importance Attached to Religion
4.10. Implication for Policy and Practice
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
7. Further Research
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Brady, M.T.; Oleske, I.M.; Williams, P.L.; Elgie, C.; Mofenson, L.M.; Danker, W.M.; Van Dyke, R.B. Declines in mortality rates and changes in causes of death in HIV-1-infected children during the HAART era. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2010, 53, 86–94. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Fox, M.P.; Rosen, S. Systematic review of retention of pediatric patients on HIV treatment in low and middle-income countries 2008–2013. AIDS 2015, 29, 493–502. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Elyanu, P.J. Trends in Advanced HIV Disease and Long-Term Outcomes of HIVinfected Children Treated with Antiretroviral Therapy in Eastern and Southern Africa: 2003–2017. Ph.D. Thesis, The University of Texas School of Public Health, Houston, TX, USA, 2019. [Google Scholar]
- van Dijk, J.H.; Sutcliffe, C.G.; Munsanje, B.; Sinywimaanzi, P.; Hamangaba, F.; Thuma, P.E.; Moss, W.J. HIV-Infected Children in Rural Zambia Achieve Good Immunologic and Virologic Outcomes Two Years after Initiating Antiretroviral Therapy. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, 137–144. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Mamo, A.; Assefa, T.; Negash, W.; Takelign, Y.; Sahiledinigl, B.; Teferu, Z.; Mohammed, M.; Solomon, D.; Gezahegn, H.; Bekele, K.; et al. Virological and immunological antiretroviral treatment failure and predictors among HIV positive adult and adolescent clients in southeast Ethiopia. HIV/AIDS-Res. Palliat. Care 2022, 14, 73–85. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Sohn, A.H.; Hazra, R. The changing epidemiology of the global paediatric HIV epidemic: Keeping track of perinatally HIV infected adolescents. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 2013, 16, 18555. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Toska, E.; Zhou, S.; Laurenzi, C.A.; Haghighat, R.; Saal, W.; Gulaid, L.; Cluver, L. Predictors of secondary HIV transmission risk in a cohort of adolescents living with HIV in South Africa. AIDS 2022, 36, 267–276. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Global AIDs. 2017. Update 2016. Available online: http://www.unaids.org/sites/default/files/media_asset/global-AIDS-update-2016_en.pdf (accessed on 27 January 2022).
- Mokgatle, M.M.; Molapisi, E.; Madiba, S. HIV knowledge and childbearing desires of prenatally HIV-infected adolescent enrolled in a HAART program at a District Hospital in Tshwane, Gauteng Province, South Africa. Curr. Pediatr. Res. 2017, 21, 306–313. [Google Scholar]
- Mbalinda, S.N.; Kaye, D.K.; Nyashanu, M.; Kiwanuka, N. Using Andersen’s behavioral model of health care utilization to assess contraceptive use among sexually active perinatally HIV-infected adolescents in Uganda. Int. J. Reprod. Med. 2020, 2020, 8016483. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Idele, P.; Gillesppie, A.; Porth, T.; Suzuki, C.; Mahy, M.; Kasedde, S.; Luo, C. Epidemiology of HIV and AIDS among adolescents: Current status, inequalities and data gaps. J. Acquir. Immune Defic. Syndr. 2014, 66, S144–S153. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tassipoulos, K.; Moscick, A.B.; Mellini, C.; Kacerek, D.; Maleek Alison, S.; Seage, G.R. Sexual Risk Behaviour among Youth with perinatal HIV infection in the United States: Predictors and Implications. Infect. Dis. Soc. Am. 2013, 56, 283–290. [Google Scholar]
- Nyasulu, P.; Fredericks, M.; Basera, T.J.; Broomhead, S. Knowledge and risk perception of sexually transmitted infections and relevant health care services among high school students in the Platfontein San community, northern cape Province, south Africa. Adolesc. Health Med. Ther. 2018, 9, 189–197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Mabaso, M.; Sokhela, Z.; Mohlabane, N.; Chibi, B.; Zuma, K.; Simbayi, L. Determinants of HIV infection among adolescent girls and young women aged 15–24 years in South Africa: A 2012 population-based national household survey. BMC Public Health 2018, 18, 183. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Musekiwa, A.; Bamogo, A.; Shisana, O.; Robsky, K.; Zuma, K.; Zungu, N.P.; Celentano, D.D. Prevalence of self-reported HIV testing and associated factors among adolescent girls and young women in South Africa: Results from a 2017 nationally representative population-based HIV survey. Public Health Pract. 2021, 2, 100093. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kim, S.H.; Gerver, S.M.; Fidler, S.; Ward, H. Adherence to antiretroviral therapy in adolescents living with HIV: Systematic review and meta-analysis. AIDS 2014, 28, 1945–1956. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Zhou, S.; Cluver, L.; Shenderovich, Y.; Toska, E. Uncovering ART adherence inconsistencies: An assessment of sustained adherence among adolescents in South Africa. J. Int. AIDS Soc. 2021, 24, e25832. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mwangi, A.; van Wyk, B. Factors associated with viral suppression among adolescents on antiretroviral therapy in Homa Bay County, Kenya: A retrospective cross-sectional study. HIV/AIDS-Res. Palliat. Care 2021, 13, 1111–1118. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Munyayi, F.K.; van Wyk, B. Closing the HIV Treatment Gap for Adolescents in Windhoek, Namibia: A Retrospective Analysis of Predictors of Viral Non-Suppression. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2022, 19, 14710. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Tilahum, M.; Ayele, G. Factors Associated with Age at First Sexual Initiation Among Youth in Gamo Gofa, South West Ethiopia: A Cross Sectional Study. Sci. J. Public Health 2013, 1, 107–112. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maina, G.; Mill, J.; Chaw-Kant, J.; Caine, V. A systematic review of best practices in HIV care. J. HIV/AIDS Soc. Serv. 2016, 15, 114–126. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Gerd, B.; Wänke, M. The psychology of attitudes and persuasion. In Public Opinion and Criminal Justice; Routledge: Oxford, UK, 2013; pp. 21–50. [Google Scholar]
- Totten, V.Y.; Panacek, E.A.; Price, D. Basics of Research (Part 14) Survey research methodology: Designing the Survey Instrument. Air Med. J. 1999, 18, 26–34. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Feyisa, B.N.; Bala, E.T. Risky sexual behaviours for HIV infection among female Private College students in the Nekemte Town, Western Ethopia. J. Women’s Healthc. 2015, 4, 23–30. [Google Scholar]
- Regassa, N.; Kedir, S. Attitudes and practices on HIV preventions among students of higher education institutions in Ethiopia: The case of Addis Ababa University. Educ. Res. 2011, 2, 828–840. [Google Scholar]
- Van Devanter, N.; Duncan, A.; Burrell-Piggott, T.; Bleakley, A.; Birnbaum, J.; Siegel, K.; Lekas, H.; Schrimshaw, E.; Cohall, A.; Ramjohn, D. The influence of substance use, social sexual environment, psychosocial factors and partner characteristics on high-risk sexual behaviour among young black and latino men who have sex with men living with HIV: A qualitative study. AIDS Patient Care STDs 2011, 25, 113–121. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Evans, D.; Menezes, C.; Mahomed, K.; Macdonald, P.; Untiedt, S.; Levin, L.; Jaffray, I.; Bhana, N.; Firnhaber, C.; Maskew, M. Treatment Outcomes of HIV-Infected Adolescents Attending Public-Sector HIV Clinics Across Gauteng and Mpumalanga, South Africa. AIDS Res Hum Retrovir. 2013, 29, 892–900. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Cornwell, B.; Behler, R. Sexual Behaviour and Social Networks. In International Encyclopaedia of the Social & Behavioural Sciences, 2nd ed.; Cornell University: New York, NY, USA, 2015; pp. 700–704. [Google Scholar]
- Oni, T.H.; Tshitangano, T.G. Risky sexual behaviours among rural teenagers in Vhembe District, South-Africa. J. Soc. Sci. 2005, 44, 60–65. [Google Scholar]
- Ditshwane, B.; Mokgatle, M.; Oguntibeju, O.O. Awareness, Utilization and Perception of Sexually Transmitted Infections Services Provided to Out-of-School-Youth in Primary Health Facilities in Tshwane, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 1738. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Ross, A.C.; Camacho-Gonzalez, A.; Henderson, S.; Abanyie, F.; Chakraborty, R. The HIV Infected Adolescent. Curr. Infect. Dis. Rep. 2010, 12, 63–70. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Cleland, J. Illustrative Questionnaire for Interview-Surveys with Young People; World Health Organization: Geneva, Switzerland, 2001. [Google Scholar]
- Taylor, M.; Dlamini, S.B.; Meyer-Weitz, A. Changing sexual behaviour to reduce HIV transmission: A multi-faceted approach to HIV prevention and treatment in a rural South African setting. AIDS Care 2010, 22, 1395–1402. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Agardh, A.; Tumwine, G.; Östergren, P.-O. The impact of socio-demographic and religious factors upon sexual behaviour among Ugandan University students. PLoS ONE 2011, 6, e23670. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Doyle, A.M.; Mavedzenge, S.N.; Plummer, W.C.; Ross, D.A. The sexual behaviour of adolescents in sub-Saharan Africa: Patterns and trends from national surveys. Trop. Med. Int. Health 2012, 17, 796–807. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Tucho, W.A.; Tekelehaimanot, A.N.; Habte, M.B. Disclosure status and associated factors among children on antiretroviral therapy in Ethiopia. Pediatr. Health Med. Ther. 2021, 12, 299–306. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Vu, L.; Andrinopoulos, K.; Mathews, C.; Chopra, M.; Kendall, C.; Eisele, T.P. Disclosure of HIV Status to Sex Partners Among HIV-Infected Men and Women in Cape Town, South Africa. AIDS Behav. 2012, 16, 132–138. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Philip, S.S.; Yu, X.; Donnell, D.; Vittinghoff, E.; Buchbinder, S. Serosorting Is Associated with a Decreased Risk of HIV Seroconversion in the EXPLORE Study Cohort. PLoS ONE 2010, 5, e12662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Dessalegn, N.G.; Hailemichael, R.G.; Shewa-Amare, A.; Sawleshwarkar, S.; Lodebo, B.; Amberbir, A.; Hillman, R.J. HIV Disclosure: HIV-positive status disclosure to sexual partners among individuals receiving HIV care in Addis Ababa, Ethiopia. PLoS ONE 2019, 14, e0211967. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Birungi, H.; Mugisha, J.F.; Nyombi, J.K. Sexual behaviour and desires among adolescents perinatally infected with HIV in Uganda: Implications for programming. J. Adolesc. Health 2009, 44, 180–187. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Ankunda, R.; Atuyambe, L.A.; Kiwanuka, N. Sexual risk related behaviour among youth living with HIV in Central Uganda: Implications for HIV prevention. Pan Afr. Med. J. 2016, 24, 44–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Kaushik, A.; Kostaki, E.; Kyriakopoulos, M. The stigma of mental illness in children and adolescents: A systematic review. Psychiatry Res. 2016, 243, 469–494. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Magidson, J.F.; Dietrich, J.; Otwombe, K.N.; Sikkema, K.J.; Katz, I.T.; Gray, G.E. Psychosocial correlates of alcohol and other substance use among low-income adolescents in peri-urban Johannesburg, South Africa: A focus on gender differences. J. Health Psychol. 2017, 22, 1415–1425. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Greenhalgh, C.; Evangeli, M.; Frize, G.; Foster, C.; Fidler, S. Intimate relationships in young adults with perinatally acquired HIV: Partner considerations. AIDS Care 2013, 25, 447–450. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Orisatoki, R.O.; Oguntibeju, O.O. Knowledge and attitudes of students at a Caribbean offshore medical school towards sexually transmitted infections and use of condoms. West Indian Med. J. 2010, 59, 171–176. [Google Scholar]
- Mokgatle, M.; Madiba, S.; Hlongwane, N. Differences in Sexual Behavior and Partner Notification for Sexually Transmitted Infections Between the Out of School Youth and University Students in a Peri-Urban District in South Africa—A Cross-Sectional Survey. Front. Public Health 2022, 10, 793702. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Mulu, W.; Abera, B.; Timer, M. Knowledge, attitude and practices on HIV /AIDS among students of Bahir Dar University. Sci. J. Public Health 2014, 2, 78–86. [Google Scholar]
- Mokgatle, M.M.; Madiba, S.; Cele, L. A Comparative Analysis of Risky Sexual Behaviors, Self-Reported Sexually Transmitted Infections, Knowledge of Symptoms and Partner Notification Practices among Male and Female University Students in Pretoria, South Africa. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2021, 18, 5660. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Dickson, K.S.; Seidu, A.A.; Adde, K.S.; Okyere, J.; Commey, F.; Akpeke, M.; Bashiru, A.W.A.; Ahinkorah, B.O. Does having comprehensive HIV and AIDS knowledge affect the risky sexual behaviour of young people in sub–Saharan Africa: Pooled analysis of demographic and health surveys. Res. Sq. 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Toska, E.; Cluver, L.D.; Hodes, R.; Kidia, K.K. Sex and secrecy: How HIV status disclosure affects safe sex among HIV positive adolescents. AIDS Care 2015, 27, 47–58. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Somefun, O.D. Religiosity and sexual abstinence among Nigerian youths: Does parent religion matter? BMC Public Health 2019, 19, 416. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
Variable | Female | Male | Total |
---|---|---|---|
n = 106 (56%) | n = 82 (44%) | n = 188 (100%) | |
Age distribution (n = 188) | |||
15 | 20 (18.9) | 17 (20.7) | 37 (19.7) |
16 | 17 (16.0) | 13 (15.9) | 30 (16.0) |
17 | 22 (20.7) | 16 (19.5) | 38 (20.2) |
18 | 29 (27.3) | 13 (15.9) | 42 (22.3) |
19 | 18 (17.0) | 23 (28.1) | 41 (21.8) |
Educational Background (n = 188) | |||
Attended school | 106 (100) | 81 (98.8) | 187 (99.5) |
Never attended school | 0 (0) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) |
Highest level reached (n = 187) | |||
Primary | 16 (15.1) | 10 (12.2) | 26 (13.8) |
Secondary | 88 (82.0) | 67 (81.7) | 155 (82.5) |
Vocational | 1 (0.9) | 4 (4.9) | 5 (2.7) |
Certified | 1 (0.9) | 0 (00 | 1 (0.5) |
Current schooling status (n = 188) | |||
In school | 72 (67.9) | 54 (65.9) | 126 (67.0) |
Out of school | 34 (32.1) | 28 (34.2) | 62 (33.0) |
Employment history (n = 62) | |||
Employed | 7 (20.5) | 7 (25.0) | 14 (22.5) |
Unemployed | 27 (79.0) | 21 (75.0) | 48 (77.4) |
Religion (n = 188) | |||
None | 12 (11.3) | 11 (13.4) | 23 (12.2) |
Christianity | 91 (85.9) | 69 (84.1) | 160 (85.1) |
Traditional | 3 (2.8) | 1 (1.2) | 4 (2.1) |
Moslem | 0 (0.0) | 1 (1.2) | 1 (0.5) |
Importance of religion (n = 188) | |||
Religion is important | 84 (80.0) | 63 (76.8) | 147 (78.6) |
Religion is not important | 21 (20.0) | 19 (23.2) | 40 (21.4) |
Caregiver status (n = 188) | |||
Father and mother | 14 (13.2) | 9 (11.0) | 23 (12.2) |
Father alone | 4 (3.8) | 6 (7.3) | 10 (5.3) |
Mother alone | 40 (37.7) | 32 (39.0) | 72 (38.3) |
Grandparents | 26 (24.5) | 14 (17.0) | 40 (21.3) |
Sibling | 4 (3.8) | 3 (3.7) | 7 (3.7) |
Other caregiver | 17 (16.0) | 14 (17.1) | 31 (16.5) |
Alone | 1 (0.9) | 4 (4.9) | 5 (2.7) |
Other habits (n = 188) | |||
Drinks alcohol | 14 (13.3) | 13 (15.9) | 27 (14.4) |
Smokes cigarettes | 1 (0.9) | 6 (7.3) | 7 (3.7) |
Substance use | 0 (0.0) | 4 (4.5) | 4 (2.1) |
Variable | Females | Males | Total |
---|---|---|---|
n = 106 | n = 86 | n = 188 | |
Who they talk to about important things (n = 188) | |||
Father | 1 (0.9) | 5 (6.1) | 6 (3.2) |
Mother | 32 (30.2) | 20 (24.4) | 52 (27.7) |
Grandparents | 18 (17.0) | 7 (8.5) | 25 (13.3) |
Sibling | 8 (7.6) | 7 (8.5) | 15 (8.0) |
Friends | 16 (15.1) | 13 (15.9) | 29 (15.4) |
Guidance teacher | 9 (8.5) | 1 (1.2) | 10 (5.3) |
Class teacher/other teachers | 2 (1.9) | 3 (3.7) | 5 (2.7) |
Keep things to self | 7 (6.6) | 16 (19.5) | 23 (12.2) |
Other relative | 13 (12.3) | 10 (12.2) | 23 (12.2) |
Ever discussed sex related matters (n = 188) | |||
Had discussed | 71 (67.0) | 43 (52.4) | 114 (60.6) |
Never discussed | 35 (33.0) | 39 (47.6) | 74 (39.4) |
How easy it was to discuss sex related matters (n = 115) | |||
Easy | 26 (32.5) | 12 (27.3) | 38 (30.7) |
Average | 30 (37.5) | 13 (29.6) | 43 (34.7) |
Difficult | 24 (30.0) | 19 (43.2) | 43 (34.7) |
Reproductive health knowledge (n = 118) | |||
Yes | 90 (84.9) | 73 (89.0) | 163 (86.7) |
No | 16 (15.1) | 9 (11.0) | 25 (13.3) |
Important Source of information | |||
Mother | 10 (9.4) | 7 (8.5) | 17 (9.0) |
Father | 0 (0.0) | 7 (8.5) | 7 (3.7) |
Sibling | 1 (0.9) | 3 (3.7) | 4 (2.1) |
Friends | 4 (3.8) | 2 (2.4) | 6 (3.1) |
Healthcare workers | 19 (17.9) | 7 (8.5) | 26 (13.8) |
Teachers | 37 (34.9) | 24 (29.3) | 61 (32.5) |
Books/magazines | 6 (5.7) | 6 (7.3) | 12 (6.4) |
Media (TV, radio, movies) | 11 (10.4) | 12 (14.6) | 23 (12.2) |
Other relatives | 1 (0.9) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (0.5) |
Church | 6 (5.7) | 4 (4.9) | 10 (5.3) |
Internet | 4 (3.8) | 6 (7.3) | 10 (5.3) |
Preferred source of information | |||
Mother | 11 (10.4) | 10 (12.2) | 21 (11.2) |
Father | 1 (0.9) | 3 (3.7) | 4 (2.1) |
Sibling | 3 (2.8) | 0 (0.0) | 3 (1.6) |
Friends | 4 (3.8) | 2 (2.4) | 6 (3.2) |
Healthcare workers | 38 (35.9) | 26 (31.7) | 64 (34.0) |
Teachers | 14 (13.2) | 10 (12.2) | 24 (12.8) |
Books/magazines | 9 (8.5) | 10 (12.2) | 19 (10.1) |
Media (TV, radio, movies) | 17 (16.0) | 16 (19.5) | 33 (17.6) |
Other relatives | 2 (1.9) | 0 (0.0) | 2 (1.1) |
Church | 7 (6.6) | 5 (8.5) | 12 (6.4) |
Preferred partner HIV status | |||
HIV-negative | 17 (16.2) | 14 (17.1) | 31 (16.6) |
HIV-positive | 53 (50.5) | 30 (36.6) | 83 (44.4) |
No preference, any status | 35 (33.3) | 38 (46.3) | 73 (39.0) |
Variable | Females | Males | Total |
---|---|---|---|
n = 106 | n = 82 | n = 188 | |
Ever had a boy/girlfriend (n = 188) | |||
Yes | 27 (25.5) | 18 (22.0) | 45 (23.9) |
No | 79 (74.5) | 64 (78.050 | 143 (76.1) |
Current boyfriend (n = 188) | |||
Yes | 20 (18.9) | 13 (15.9) | 33 (17.6) |
No | 86 (81.1) | 69 (84.2) | 155 (82.5) |
HIV status disclosure to boy/girlfriend (n = 45) | |||
Yes | 10 (38.5) | 5 (26.3) | 15 (33.3) |
No | 16 (61.5) | 14 (73.7) | 30 (66.7) |
Ever had sex (n = 188) | |||
Yes | 10 (16.0) | 12 (14.6) | 29 (15.4) |
No | 89 (84.0) | 70 (85.4) | 159 (84.6) |
Age at first sex (n = 29) | |||
≤16 years | 6 (35.3) | 4 (33.3) | 10 (34.5) |
>16 years | 11 (64.7) | 8 (66.7) | 19 (65.5) |
First sex planned (n = 29) | |||
Yes | 5 (29.4) | 3 (25.0) | 8 (27.6) |
No | 12 (70.6) | 9 (75.0) | 21 (72.4) |
Condom use at first sex (n = 29) | |||
No | 11 (64.7) | 8 (66.7) | 19 (65.5) |
Yes | 6 (35.3) | 4 (33.3) | 10 (34.5) |
Use of other contraception at first sex (n = 29) | |||
Yes | 3 (17.7) | 1 (8.3) | 4 (13.8) |
No | 14 (82.4) | 11 (91.7) | 25 (86.2) |
Had sex during the past 3 months (n = 29) | |||
Yes | 9 (52.9) | 7 (58.3) | 16 (55.2) |
No | 8 (47.1) | 5 (41.7) | 13 (44.8) |
Condom use at last sex (n = 29) | |||
Yes | 9 (52.9) | 3 (25.0) | 12 (41.4) |
No | 8 (47.1) | 9 (75.0) | 17 (58.6) |
Under alcohol influence at last sex (n = 28) | |||
Yes | 8 (47.1) | 8 (66.7) | 16 (55.2) |
No | 9 (53.0) | 4 (33.3) | 13 (44.8) |
Number of sexual partners (n = 28) | |||
0 | 3 (18.8) | 1 (8.3) | 4 (14.3) |
1 | 8 (50.0) | 7 (58.3) | 15 (53.6) |
2 | 4 (25.0) | 4 (33.3) | 8 (28.6) |
4 | 1 (6.3) | 0 (0.0) | 1 (3.6) |
Condom use practice (n = 29) | |||
I always use condoms | 6 (35.3) | 3 (25.0) | 9 (31.0) |
I sometimes use condoms | 11 (64.7) | 9 (75.0) | 20 (69.0) |
Pregnancy or having impregnated a girl (n = 29) | |||
Yes | 7 (41.2) | 2 (16.7) | 9 (31.0) |
No | 10 (58.8) | 10 (83.3) | 20 (69.0) |
No. | Attitude Indicator | Scale | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Agree | Disagree | Not Sure | Total | ||
1 [25] | It is alright for unmarried youths to be in relationships | 130 (69.2) | 43 (22.9) | 15 (8.0) | 188 (100) |
2 [26] | I believe that even HIV-positive unmarried youths can be in relationships | 142 (75.5) | 30 (16.0) | 16 (8.5) | 188 (100) |
3 [27] | I believe it is not alright for youths of the opposite sex to hug, touch and kiss | 62 (33.0) | 105 (55.9) | 21 (11.2) | 188 (100) |
4 [28] | I believe there is nothing wrong with unmarried youths having sexual intercourse as long as they love each other | 99 (52.7) | 68 (36.2) | 21 (11.2) | 188 (100) |
5 [29] | I would refuse to have sex with someone who is not prepared to use a condom | 78 (41.5) | 87 (46.3) | 23 (12.2) | 188 (100) |
6 [30] | One night stands are ok | 21 (11.2) | 146 (77.7) | 21 (11.2) | 188 (100) |
7 [27] | It is embarrassing for someone like me to buy or obtain condoms | 60 (31.9) | 104 (55.3) | 24 (12.8) | 188 (100) |
8 [31] | If a girl suggested using condoms to her partner, it means she doesn’t trust him | 38 (20.2) | 121 (64.4) | 29 (15.4) | 188 (100) |
9 [32] | Condoms can protect my sexual partner from getting HIV | 136 (72.3) | 38 (20.2) | 14 (7.5) | 188 (100) |
10 [33] | I would prioritise protecting my sexual partner from being infected with HIV | 157 (83.5) | 19 (10.1) | 12 (6.4) | 188 (100) |
11 [34] | I would prioritise protecting myself from being infected with a new HIV virus or other sexually transmitted infections. | 171 (91.0) | 11 (5.9) | 6 (3.2) | 188 (100) |
Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Reproductive Health and Social Context Variables | Responses | p-Value | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ever Had Sex | |||||
No | Yes | Total | |||
Age | ≤17 years | 96 | 8 | 104 | |
>17 years | 63 | 21 | 84 | 0.001 | |
Current school status | In school | 42 | 18 | 60 | |
Out of school | 117 | 11 | 128 | 0.000 | |
Importance attached to religion | Important | 139 | 8 | 147 | |
Not important | 20 | 20 | 40 | 0.000 | |
Alcohol | No | 150 | 10 | 160 | |
Yes | 8 | 19 | 27 | 0.000 | |
Smoking | No | 158 | 23 | 181 | |
Yes | 1 | 6 | 7 | 0.000 | |
Substance use | No | 158 | 26 | 184 | |
Yes | 1 | 3 | 4 | 0.001 | |
Sexual reproductive knowledge | No | 13 | 12 | 25 | |
Yes | 146 | 17 | 163 | 0.000 | |
Condom use practice | |||||
Always | Sometimes | ||||
Importance attached to religion | Important | 5 | 3 | 8 | |
Not important | 3 | 17 | 20 | 0.012 | |
Alcohol | No | 7 | 3 | 10 | |
Yes | 2 | 17 | 19 | 0.001 | |
Ever discussed sex related matters | No | 0 | 14 | 14 | |
Yes | 9 | 6 | 15 | 0.000 | |
Sexual reproductive knowledge | No | 0 | 12 | 12 | |
Yes | 9 | 8 | 17 | 0.002 | |
HIV status disclosure | |||||
Yes | No | ||||
Ever discussed sex related matters | No | 16 | 3 | 19 | |
Yes | 14 | 12 | 26 | 0.033 | |
Sexual reproductive knowledge | No | 12 | 1 | 13 | |
Yes | 18 | 14 | 32 | 0.020 |
Socio-Demographic Characteristics and Reproductive Health and Social Context Variables | p Value | OR | CI | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | ≤17 years >17 years | 0.623 | 1.4 | 0.35–5.78 |
Current school status | In school Out of school | 0.996 | 1.0 | 0.25–4.01 |
Importance attached to religion | Important Not important | 0.005 | 5.9 | 1.72–20.27 |
Alcohol | No Yes | 0.000 | 12.5 | 3.06–51.37 |
Smoking | No Yes | 0.846 | 1.30 | 0.09–18.86 |
Substance use | No Yes | 0.390 | 5.77 | 0.11–313.76 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Diura-Vere, O.; Mokgatle, M.M.; Oguntibeju, O.O. Sexual Behaviour and Attitudes towards Safe Sex of Youth Receiving Antiretroviral Care at Public Health Facilities in Palapye District, Botswana. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053790
Diura-Vere O, Mokgatle MM, Oguntibeju OO. Sexual Behaviour and Attitudes towards Safe Sex of Youth Receiving Antiretroviral Care at Public Health Facilities in Palapye District, Botswana. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053790
Chicago/Turabian StyleDiura-Vere, Onai, Mathildah M. Mokgatle, and Oluwafemi O. Oguntibeju. 2023. "Sexual Behaviour and Attitudes towards Safe Sex of Youth Receiving Antiretroviral Care at Public Health Facilities in Palapye District, Botswana" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3790. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053790