COVID-19 Pandemic: 1-Year Follow-Up in Children and Adolescents with Neuropsychiatric Disorders
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Child Behavior CheckList
2.3. Parental Stress Index
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sample Characteristics
3.2. Comparison of Mean Scores of PSI and CBCL during the First Lockdown and 1-Year after the Pandemic
3.3. Correlation Analysis between PSI and CBCL Subscales
4. Discussion
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Participants | Time 1 n = 383 | Time 2 n = 369 |
---|---|---|
child age (mean ± SD) (years) | 9.89 ± 4.42 | 9.84 ± 4.29 |
sex | ||
male | 233 (61%) | 221 (60%) |
female | 150 (39%) | 148 (40%) |
father age (mean ± SD) (years) | 43.87 ± 7.05 | 43.92 ± 7.09 |
mother age (mean ± SD) (years) | 40.82 ± 6.34 | 40.82 ± 6.29 |
maternal education level (mean ± SD) * | 14.07 ± 3.89 | 13.99 ± 3.94 |
paternal education level (mean ± SD) * | 14.07 ± 3.71 | 14.02 ± 3.75 |
Principal Diagnosis * | Age (Years) | Sex | Father Age (Years) | Mother Age (Years) | Characteristics of the Principal Disease | Neuro-Psychiatric Comorbidities | Other Clinical Conditions | Drug Therapy |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
autism spectrum disorder n = 110 | 8.1 ± 3.92 | male = 75 (68%) | 45.18 ± 6.62 | 41.75 ± 6.08 | level 1 = 41 (37%) level 2 = 43 (39%) level 3 = 26 (24%) | 34 (31%) | 28 (25%) | 21 (19%) |
epilepsy n = 90 | 12.35 ± 4.25 | male = 50 (56%) | 45.85 ± 7.40 | 42.38 ± 7.15 | focal = 49 generalized = 30 unknown = 10 | 24 (27%) | 16 (18%) | 81 (90%) |
specific learning disorders n = 40 | 10.50 ± 2.30 | male = 21 (53%) | 40.65 ± 4.86 | 38.50 ± 4.04 | mixed = 28 (70%) dyslexia + dysorthography = 9 (23%) only dyscalculia = 3 (8%) | 7 (18%) | 6 (15%) | 0 (0%) |
intellectual disability n = 33 | 8.70 ± 4.97 | male = 18 (55%) | 43.72 ± 6.19 | 40.79 ± 6.39 | mild = 20 (61%) moderate = 9 (28) severe = 4 (12%) | 13 (39%) | 14 (42%) | 7 (21%) |
communication disorders n = 29 | 5.17 ± 1.49 | male = 18 (62%) | 38.86 ± 7.20 | 35.79 ± 5.21 | language disorder = 19 (66%) speech sound disorder = 9 (31%) stattering = 1 (4%) | 4 (14%) | 4 (14%) | 0 (0%) |
attention deficit/hyperactivity disorder n = 21 | 10.76 ± 3.51 | male = 15 (71%) | 44.33 ± 8.12 | 40.52 ± 6.48 | combined = 15 (71%) inattentive = 3 (19) hyperactive/impulsive = 2 (10%) | 5 (24%) | 3 (14%) | 12 (57%) |
behavioral disorders n = 16 | 11.67 ± 2.58 | male = 12 (75%) | 42.50 ± 4.52 | 40.13 ± 4.40 | oppositional-defiant disorder =13 (81%) conduct disorder = 3 (19%) | 12 (75%) | 2 (13%) | 7 (44%) |
anxiety disorders n = 15 | 11.97 ± 3.74 | male = 7 (47%) | 44.20 ± 7.57 | 42.07 ± 5.64 | generalized anxiety = 8 (53%) school phobia = 5 (33%) social anxiety disorder = 3 (20%) | 11 (73%) | 2 (13%) | 12 (80%) |
mood disorders n = 15 | 11.73 ± 2.64 | male = 6 (40%) | 43.27 ± 7.46 | 40.93 ± 4.52 | depressive disorder = 11 (69%) bipolar disorder = 4 (31%) | 12 (80%) | 3 (20%) | 15 (100%) |
Total sample n = 369 | 9.84 ± 4.29 | male = 221 (60%) | 43.92 ± 7.09 | 40.82 ± 6.29 | - | 122 (33%) | 76 (21%) | 155 (42%) |
Standardized Neuropsychological Test | Time 0 (Mean ± SD) | Time 1 (Mean ± SD) | Time 2 (Mean ± SD) | ANOVA for Repeated Measures | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Parental Stress Index (PSI) | |||||
Parental Distress (PD) | 60.29 ± 27.27 | 72.38 ± 28.04 | 72.45 ± 28.65 | F = 59.461 | p < 0.001 |
Parent-Child Difficult Interaction (P-CDI) | 63.61 ± 24.29 | 76.82 ± 24.65 | 76.52 ± 25.41 | F = 85.427 | p < 0.001 |
Difficult Child (DC) | 63.84 ± 26.57 | 75.99 ± 26.47 | 75.76 ± 26.75 | F = 58.188 | p < 0.001 |
Total Stress (TS) | 63.45 ± 24.63 | 76.87 ± 25.94 | 75.68 ± 27.46 | F = 91.381 | p < 0.001 |
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL) 6–18 years | |||||
Anxiety/Depression | 59.36 ± 7.53 | 68.76 ± 13.18 | 72.73 ± 14.66 | F = 152.689 | p < 0.001 |
Withdrawal/Depression | 61.55 ± 8.49 | 69.44 ± 12.73 | 71.65 ± 12.54 | F = 110.756 | p < 0.001 |
Somatic complaints | 58.52 ± 7.97 | 68.59 ± 13.43 | 69.71 ± 13.09 | F = 133.092 | p < 0.001 |
Socialization | 62.20 ± 8.74 | 69.77 ± 12.92 | 70.74 ± 12.83 | F = 74.966 | p < 0.001 |
Thought problems | 61.40 ± 9.87 | 66.06 ± 11.96 | 66.70 ± 12.06 | F = 45.245 | p < 0.001 |
Attention problems | 62.75 ± 9.40 | 68.88 ± 11.48 | 69.03 ± 11.46 | F = 64.286 | p < 0.001 |
Rule-breaking behavior | 58.16 ± 7.02 | 65.28 ± 12.59 | 65.55 ± 12.63 | F = 74.932 | p < 0.001 |
Aggressive behavior | 60.80 ± 10.40 | 67.13 ± 13.26 | 67.29 ± 13.30 | F = 67.049 | p < 0.001 |
Affective problems | 61.87 ± 8.14 | 68.71 ± 11.92 | 72.19 ± 13.37 | F = 121.542 | p < 0.001 |
Anxiety problems | 61.64 ± 7.58 | 69.26 ± 11.95 | 72.86 ± 13.55 | F = 122.357 | p < 0.001 |
Somatic problems | 57.11 ± 8.12 | 64.39 ± 11.54 | 65.34 ± 11.55 | F = 76.124 | p < 0.001 |
ADHD | 60.52 ± 7.36 | 66.23 ± 10.07 | 66.63 ± 10.01 | F = 68.650 | p < 0.001 |
Oppositional-defiant problems | 58.01 ± 7.46 | 64.02 ± 10.93 | 64.55 ± 11.03 | F = 73.968 | p < 0.001 |
Conduct problems | 57.05 ± 7.03 | 62.92 ± 10.67 | 63.26 ± 10.70 | F = 92.263 | p < 0.001 |
Internalizing problems | 59.86 ± 9.95 | 68.37 ± 13.37 | 71.85 ± 14.54 | F = 112.788 | p < 0.001 |
Externalizing problems | 57.69 ± 9.72 | 65.83 ± 14.03 | 66.12 ± 14.13 | F = 73.812 | p < 0.001 |
Total problems | 60.41 ± 9.53 | 68.77 ± 13.71 | 70.43 ± 13.57 | F = 119.146 | p < 0.001 |
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL) 1.5–5 years | |||||
Emotional response | 54.54 ± 11.71 | 66.40 ± 13.63 | 67.11 ± 14.13 | F = 13.496 | p < 0.001 |
Anxiety/Depression | 55.69 ± 8.56 | 64.21 ± 12.73 | 67.16 ± 13.76 | F = 20.873 | p < 0.001 |
Somatic complaints | 55.03 ± 7.08 | 63.29 ± 12.47 | 65.97 ± 13.00 | F = 21.449 | p < 0.001 |
Withdrawal | 63.62 ± 12.94 | 68.56 ± 14.42 | 69.39 ± 14.68 | F = 4.690 | p = 0.013 |
Sleep problems | 56.91 ± 11.10 | 59.49 ± 11.49 | 62.98 ± 12.63 | F = 5.416 | p = 0.007 |
Attention problems | 61.93 ± 10.63 | 65.00 ± 12.35 | 64.55 ± 12.06 | F = 2.891 | p = 0.063 |
Aggressive behavior | 56.22 ± 9.32 | 66.34 ± 15.30 | 67.45 ± 14.89 | F = 21.749 | p < 0.001 |
Affective problems | 56.63 ± 9.00 | 63.19 ± 12.50 | 65.66 ± 13.25 | F = 13.246 | p < 0.001 |
Anxiety problems | 56.54 ± 8.32 | 63.69 ± 12.12 | 67.40 ± 12.55 | F = 18.498 | p < 0.001 |
Pervasive problems | 63.74 ± 12.16 | 66.29 ± 12.54 | 66.26 ± 11.90 | F = 5.012 | p = 0.010 |
ADHD | 59.26 ± 8.39 | 62.94 ± 9.11 | 63.03 ± 9.41 | F = 7.006 | p = 0.002 |
Oppositional-defiant problems | 59.09 ± 7.24 | 59.96 ± 9.76 | 61.05 ± 10.70 | F = 9.537 | p < 0.001 |
Internalizing problems | 56.71 ± 12.50 | 64.44 ± 15.86 | 67.71 ± 15.01 | F = 15.948 | p < 0.001 |
Externalizing problems | 56.04 ± 12.11 | 65.66 ± 17.03 | 66.56 ± 16.22 | F = 14.287 | p < 0.001 |
Total problems | 57.69 ± 13.55 | 65.56 ± 16.92 | 67.23 ± 15.86 | F = 10.773 | p < 0.001 |
Standardized Neuropsychological Test | Time 0 vs. Time 1 | Time 0 vs. Time 3 | Time 2 vs. Time 3 |
---|---|---|---|
Parental Stress Index (PSI) | |||
Parental Distress (PD) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Parent-Child Difficult Interaction (P-CDI) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Difficult Child (DC) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Total Stress (TS) | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.894 |
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL) 6–18 years | |||
Anxiety/Depression | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Withdrawal/Depression | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.017 |
Somatic complaints | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.008 |
Socialization | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.005 |
Thought problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.068 |
Attention problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Rule-breaking behavior | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.210 |
Aggressive behavior | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Affective problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Anxiety problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Somatic problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.024 |
ADHD | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.223 |
Oppositional-defiant problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.012 |
Conduct problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.347 |
Internalizing problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Externalizing problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.370 |
Total problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 |
Child Behavior CheckList (CBCL) 1.5–5 years | |||
Emotional response | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Anxiety/Depression | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.133 |
Somatic complaints | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.043 |
Withdrawal | p = 0.010 | p = 0.017 | p = 1.000 |
Sleep problems | p = 0.751 | p = 0.042 | p = 0.012 |
Attention problems | p = 0.136 | p = 0.411 | p = 0.440 |
Aggressive behavior | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Affective problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.136 |
Anxiety problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.024 |
Pervasive problems | p = 0.084 | p = 0.258 | p = 0.077 |
ADHD | p = 0.001 | p = 0.004 | p = 1.000 |
Oppositional-defiant problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.984 |
Internalizing problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.168 |
Externalizing problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 1.000 |
Total problems | p < 0.001 | p < 0.001 | p = 0.706 |
CBCL Total Problems | CBCL Externalizing Problems | CBCL Internalizing Problems | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
PSI/SF | Parental Distress | r | 0.343 | 0.302 | 0.335 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Parent-Child Difficult Interaction | r | 0.419 | 0.364 | 0.410 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Difficult Child | r | 0.413 | 0.348 | 0.388 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | ||
Total Stress | r | 0.403 | 0.379 | 0.424 | |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
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Pastorino, G.M.G.; Marino, M.; Aiello, S.; D’Auria, R.; Meccariello, R.; Santoro, A.; Viggiano, A.; Operto, F.F. COVID-19 Pandemic: 1-Year Follow-Up in Children and Adolescents with Neuropsychiatric Disorders. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053924
Pastorino GMG, Marino M, Aiello S, D’Auria R, Meccariello R, Santoro A, Viggiano A, Operto FF. COVID-19 Pandemic: 1-Year Follow-Up in Children and Adolescents with Neuropsychiatric Disorders. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053924
Chicago/Turabian StylePastorino, Grazia Maria Giovanna, Marianna Marino, Salvatore Aiello, Raffaella D’Auria, Rosaria Meccariello, Antonietta Santoro, Andrea Viggiano, and Francesca Felicia Operto. 2023. "COVID-19 Pandemic: 1-Year Follow-Up in Children and Adolescents with Neuropsychiatric Disorders" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3924. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053924