Environmental Health Knowledge Does Not Necessarily Translate to Action in Youth
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Surveys
2.3. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Environmental Health and Health Knowledge
3.3. Behavior Is Weakly Associated with Environmental Health Knowledge
3.4. Factors Associated with Behavior Scores
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Characteristics | Age Groups (Years), n (%) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Total (n = 452) | 9–11 (n = 127) | 12–14 (n = 135) | 15–18 (n = 190) | |
Age, years (years) | 13.6 ± 2.6 | 10.1 ± 0.8 | 13.3 ± 0.6 | 16.2 ± 0.9 |
Sex | ||||
Female | 268 (59.3) | 65 (51.2) | 74 (54.8) | 129 (67.9) |
Male | 181 (40.1) | 60 (47.2) | 60 (44.4) | 61 (32.1) |
Hispanic/Latino Ethnicity | ||||
Yes | 22 (4.9) | 8 (6.3) | 5 (3.7) | 9 (4.7) |
No | 424 (93.8) | 118 (92.9) | 128 (94.8) | 178 (93.7) |
Race | ||||
White | 411 (90.9) | 119 (93.7) | 123 (91.1) | 169 (88.9) |
Black/African American | 3 (0.7) | 0 | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) |
Asian/Pacific Islander | 5 (1.1) | 1 (0.8) | 1 (0.7) | 3 (1.6) |
Native American | 5 (1.1) | 2 (1.6) | 2 (1.5) | 1 (0.5) |
Other | 24 (5.3) | 4 (3.2) | 7 (5.2) | 13 (6.8) |
Residence | ||||
Rural | 28 (6.2) | 5 (3.9) | 5 (3.7) | 18 (9.5) |
Suburban | 395 (87.4) | 114 (89.8) | 124 (91.9) | 157 (82.6) |
Urban | 26 (5.8) | 7 (5.5) | 4 (2.9) | 15 (7.9) |
Parents’ employment status | ||||
Both parents unemployed | 11 (2.4) | 3 (2.4) | 2 (1.5) | 6 (3.2) |
Both parents employed | 297 (65.7) | 73 (57.5) | 94 (69.6) | 130 (68.4) |
One parent employed | 111 (24.6) | 25 (19.7) | 35 (25.9) | 51 (26.8) |
Do not know | 32 (7.1) | 26 (20.5) | 3 (2.2) | 3 (1.6) |
Asthma history | ||||
Yes | 62 (13.7) | 14 (11.1) | 19 (14.1) | 29 (15.3) |
No | 386 (85.4) | 112 (88.2) | 114 (84.4) | 160 (84.2) |
Questions | Themes | Subthemes and Youth Quotes |
---|---|---|
What worries you about the environment? | Air pollution | Smoking: Something that worries me about the environment is when people like smokers start polluting the air. Also, some trains pollute the air when they go down the train tracks (10- year old female). |
Environmental smoke: Air pollution worries me about the environment because there will be too much smoke in the earth (9-year old male). | ||
Global warming: I hear about global warming often, and it scares me that so many people don’t take care of the environment (16-year old female). | ||
Waste | Littering: When people litter in parks or even just on the street (9-year old female) | |
Overfull landfills: I worry about global warming and things that sit in the landfill forever when they could be biodegradable somewhere else, e.g., compost pile, back yard (12-year old female). | ||
Wild and human life | Health impact: That people will get sick, and more animals will die because of pollution (13-year old male). | |
Plant and animal loss: All the polluted air and oil in the water that are harming animals and plants (18-year old female). | ||
How or in what ways does the environment affect health? | Air pollution | Smoking: If someone around you is smoking and you breathe in that air a lot, you could get sick (9-year old female). |
Environmental smoke: Pollution, such as smoke, makes it difficult to breathe (15-year old female). | ||
Health and illness state | Human needs from the environment: The environment keeps me healthy and strong; If there aren’t many trees, we wouldn’t have oxygen. The environment affects my health by giving me air, water, and food; I have allergies to some of the plants and things. It gives me allergies, colds, and sometimes fevers (9-year old female). | |
What can you do to help (or protect) the environment? | Do not pollute | Clean up/not littering I can pick up litter and help others become more aware of the environment (13-year old male). |
Pro-environmental behaviors: I can pick up litter and help others become more aware of the environment (13-year old male). | ||
Save resources | Save wildlife: I can recycle, try not to waste electricity, and try not to waste water, plant trees or other plants, and many other things (14-year old male). | |
Save energy/not waste: I can use less water and just basically reduce my carbon footprint by recycling and using clean fuel systems like wind power or hydroelectricity (18-year old female). |
Age Group (Years) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|
Rating (n (%) within Age Group) | All (n = 448) | 9–11 (n = 125) | 12–14 (n = 134) | 15–18 (n = 189) |
Don’t Know | 13 (2.9) | 10 (8.0) | 1 (0.7) | 2 (1.1) |
Poor | 103 (23.0) | 54 (43.2) | 26 (19.4) | 23 (12.2) |
Fair | 264 (58.9) | 56 (44.8) | 93 (69.4) | 115 (60.8) |
Good | 38 (8.5) | 5 (4.0) | 13 (9.7) | 20 (10.6) |
Very Good | 30 (6.7) | 0 (0) | 1 (0.7) | 29 (15.3) |
Age Groups (y) | Behavior & Knowledge | Behavior & Attitude | Behavior & Self-efficacy | Knowledge & Attitude | Knowledge & Self-Efficacy | Self-Efficacy & Attitude |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
All (n = 442) | r = 0.22 ** | r = 0.54 | r = 0.51 ** | r = 0.38 ** | r = 0.47 ** | r = 0.50 ** |
9–11 (n = 127) 12–14 (n = 123) | r = 0.39 ** r = 0.29 ** | r = 0.59 ** r = 0.41 ** | ------ ------ | r = 0.51 ** r = 0.55 ** | ------ ------ | ------ ------ |
15–18 (n = 188) | r = 0.21 ** | r = 0.49 ** | r = 0.51 ** | r = 0.45 ** | r = 0.47 ** | r = 0.50 ** |
Behaviors | Knowledge | Attitudes | Self-Efficacy | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Participation in environment-related classes, activities, and/or clubs | ||||
Yes (n = 86) | 26.2 ± 25.3 | 73.9 ± 20.9 | 54.5 ± 20.8 | 75.0 (35.4) |
No (n = 102) | 16.3 ± 23.4 | 65.1 ± 19.1 | 44.6 ± 23.3 | 66.6 (45.8) |
t = 2.8, p = 0.006 | t = 3.03, p = 0.003 | t = 3.03, p = 0.003 | Z = 2.3, p = 0.02 | |
School Type * | ||||
Private (n = 56) | 24.8 ± 25.4 | 73.4 ± 17.5 | 56.8 ± 18.8 | 80.5 (41.7) |
Public (n = 73) | 19.0 ± 23.1 | 67.2 ± 21.2 | 46.4 ± 20.7 | 70.8 (43.8) |
t = 1.3, p = 0.2 | t = 1.7, p = 0.08 | t = 2.9, p = 0.004 | Z = 1.4, p = 0.2 | |
Parent employment | ||||
2 parents working (n = 129) | 20.8 (37.5) | 71.3 ±19.4 | 48.8 ± 22.2 | 75.0 (41.7) |
One parent working (n = 50) | 16.7 (34.4) | 65.2 ± 21.6 | 51.9 ± 23.2 | 56.3 (51.0) |
Z = 2.2, p = 0.03 | t = 1.8, p = 0.07 | t = 0.8, p = 0.4 | Z = 2, p = 0.045 | |
Asthma status | ||||
Asthmatic (n = 29) | 25% ± 25.9 | 72.3% ± 20.2 | 49.2% ± 24.3 | 91.7 (35.4) |
No asthma (n = 157) | 19.8% ± 24.1 | 68.7% ± 20.5 | 49.1% ± 22.5 | 66.6 (41.7) |
t = 1.1, p = 0.3 | t = 0.9, p = 0.4 | t = 0.007, p = 0.9 | Z = 2.7, p = 0.007 |
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Elshaer, S.; Martin, L.J.; Baker, T.A.; Roberts, E.; Rios-Santiago, P.; Kaufhold, R.; Butsch Kovacic, M. Environmental Health Knowledge Does Not Necessarily Translate to Action in Youth. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053971
Elshaer S, Martin LJ, Baker TA, Roberts E, Rios-Santiago P, Kaufhold R, Butsch Kovacic M. Environmental Health Knowledge Does Not Necessarily Translate to Action in Youth. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053971
Chicago/Turabian StyleElshaer, Shereen, Lisa J. Martin, Theresa A. Baker, Erin Roberts, Paola Rios-Santiago, Ross Kaufhold, and Melinda Butsch Kovacic. 2023. "Environmental Health Knowledge Does Not Necessarily Translate to Action in Youth" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 3971. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20053971