Pain and Clinical Presentation: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients with New-Onset Chronic Pain in Long-COVID-19 Syndrome
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Participants
2.2. Outcome Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variables | Long-COVID-19 Syndrome Group (n = 69) | Successfully Recovered COVID-19 Group (n = 66) | Healthy Control Group (n = 67) | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age | 44.99 ± 2.79 | 44.90 ± 2.94 | 44.67 ± 3.11 | 0.144 |
Sex (% female) | 75.26 | 75.79 | 75.51 | 0.973 |
Weeks since infection | 104.23 ± 11.36 | 103.26 ± 8.96 | 0.300 | |
BMI (kg/m2) | 25.16 ± 3.07 | 25.19 ± 3.19 | 25.38 ± 3.6 | 0.052 |
Smoker (%) | 13.0 | 22.9 | 17.2 | 0.432 |
Other diseases (%) | 31.5 | 22.9 | 24.1 | 0.497 |
Charlson index | 0.17 ± 0.38 | 0.15 ± 0.41 | 0.24 ± 0.51 | 0.488 |
Non-pharmacological treatment (%) | 39.2 | 24.6 | 20 | 0.056 |
Physiotherapy | 76.32 | 64.29 | 83.33 | |
Psychology | 23.68 | 35.71 | 16.66 | |
Pharmacological treatment for pain (%) | 74.2 | 14 | 13.3 | <0.001 ** |
NSAIDs | 31.9 | 50 | 25 | |
Paracetamol | 19.4 | 37.5 | 50 | |
Muscle relaxants | 13.9 | 12.5 | 25 | |
Tramadol | 12.5 | 0 | 0 | |
Codeine | 2.8 | 0 | 0 | |
Metamizole | 19.4 | 0 | 0 |
Variables | Long-COVID-19 Syndrome Group (n = 69) | Successfully Recovered COVID-19 Group (n = 66) | Healthy Control Group (n = 67) | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
Pain prevalence (%) | 69.5 | 26.3 | 23.3 | <0.001 * |
BPI-intensity | 5.12 ± 2.28 | 0.93 ± 1.74 | 0.75 ± 1.48 | 101.88 bc |
BPI-interference | 5.78 ± 2.77 | 0.82 ± 1.87 | 0.51 ± 1.41 | 107.73 bc |
SF-MPQ-sensory subscale | 15.99 ± 6.89 | 2.94 ± 4.43 | 2.8 ± 5.54 | 108.79 bc |
SF-MPQ-affective subscale | 5.75 ± 3.33 | 0.83 ± 1.29 | 0.67 ± 1.84 | 81.54 bc |
SF-MPQ-overall score | 21.74 ± 9.51 | 3.77 ± 5.62 | 3.47 ± 6.96 | 114.46 bc |
SF-MPQ-VAS | 65.11 ± 22.8 | 15.75 ± 22.92 | 11.62 ± 21.14 | 115.41 bc |
SF-MPQ-PPI | 2.53 ± 1.35 | 0.49 ± 0.89 | 0.31 ± 0.66 | 78.36 bc |
Variables | Long-COVID-19 Syndrome Group (n = 69) | Successfully Recovered COVID-19 Group (n = 66) | Healthy Control Group (n = 67) | F |
---|---|---|---|---|
WPI | 10.02 ± 5.93 | 1.16 ± 2.52 | 0.9 ± 1.68 | 86.297 bc |
EQ-5D-mobility | 2.36 ± 1.07 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.17 ± 0.46 | 65.61 bc |
EQ-5D-self-care | 1.80 ± 0.98 | 1.00 ± 0.00 | 1.03 ± 0.18 | 31.82 bc |
EQ-5D-usual activities | 3.24 ± 0.95 | 1.04 ± 0.29 | 1.14 ± 0.44 | 225.40 bc |
EQ-5D-anxiety or depression | 3.43 ± 0.76 | 1.26 ± 0.53 | 1.48 ± 0.68 | 216.35 bc |
EQ-5D-pain or discomfort | 2.20 ± 1.17 | 1.47 ± 0.62 | 1.34 ± 0.61 | 18.98 bc |
EQ-5D VAS | 42.05 ± 21.67 | 74.62 ± 28.31 | 70.76 ± 31.70 | 31.49 bc |
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Calvache-Mateo, A.; López-López, L.; Martín-Núñez, J.; Heredia-Ciuró, A.; Granados-Santiago, M.; Ortiz-Rubio, A.; Valenza, M.C. Pain and Clinical Presentation: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients with New-Onset Chronic Pain in Long-COVID-19 Syndrome. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054049
Calvache-Mateo A, López-López L, Martín-Núñez J, Heredia-Ciuró A, Granados-Santiago M, Ortiz-Rubio A, Valenza MC. Pain and Clinical Presentation: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients with New-Onset Chronic Pain in Long-COVID-19 Syndrome. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054049
Chicago/Turabian StyleCalvache-Mateo, Andrés, Laura López-López, Javier Martín-Núñez, Alejandro Heredia-Ciuró, María Granados-Santiago, Araceli Ortiz-Rubio, and Marie Carmen Valenza. 2023. "Pain and Clinical Presentation: A Cross-Sectional Study of Patients with New-Onset Chronic Pain in Long-COVID-19 Syndrome" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4049. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054049