Linking Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand to Evaluate the Ecological Security in the Pearl River Delta Based on the Pressure-State-Response Model
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Area
2.2. Data Sources and Processing
2.3. Methods
2.3.1. Ecosystem Service Supply Evaluation
2.3.2. Ecosystem Service Demand Evaluation
2.3.3. Ecological Security Evaluation
2.3.4. Obstacle Factor Identification
3. Results
3.1. Ecosystem Service Supply from 1990 to 2015 in the Pearl River Delta
3.2. Ecosystem Service Demand from 1990 to 2015 in the Pearl River Delta
3.3. Change Trends of the Ecological Security in the Pearl River Delta from 1990 to 2015
3.3.1. Pressure Index
3.3.2. State Index
3.3.3. Response Index
3.3.4. Ecological Security Index
3.4. Identification of Key Obstacle Factors
4. Discussion
4.1. Evolution of Ecological Security
4.2. Evolution of Obstacle Factors and Policy Implications
4.3. Limitations and Prospects
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
References
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Year | Arable Land (Unit: km2) | Forest Land (Unit: km2) | Grassland (Unit: km2) | Water Bodies (Unit: km2) | Construction Land (Unit: km2) | Other Land (Unit: km2) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1990 | 15,775.79 | 29,985.38 | 1097.10 | 3382.41 | 2908.48 | 171.26 |
1995 | 13,084.41 | 30,218.52 | 1392.18 | 3832.62 | 4654.75 | 143.88 |
2000 | 14,301.38 | 29,699.66 | 1049.95 | 3999.70 | 4168.85 | 102.85 |
2005 | 12,998.94 | 29,333.94 | 980.14 | 3866.22 | 6030.80 | 112.87 |
2010 | 12,574.05 | 29,187.31 | 945.08 | 3780.23 | 6722.40 | 114.94 |
2015 | 12,420.10 | 28,788.97 | 1072.50 | 3458.54 | 7482.80 | 104.41 |
Ecosystem Service | Methods | Algorithms 1 | Reference |
---|---|---|---|
Grain production | VCI | [20] | |
Soil conservation | RUSLE | [21] | |
Carbon sequestration | CASA | [22] | |
Water yield | Water balance model | [23] | |
Habitat quality | InVEST | [24] |
Dimensions | Index | Code | Unit | Attributes | Weight |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pressure 0.321 | Grain consumption per capita | P1 | kg/capita | − | 0.0519 |
CO2 emissions per unit area | P2 | t/km2 | − | 0.0536 | |
Water consumption per unit area | P3 | 104 m3/km2 | − | 0.0482 | |
Population density | P4 | capita/km2 | − | 0.0523 | |
Proportion of construction land area | P5 | % | − | 0.0530 | |
GDP per capita | P6 | RMB/capita | − | 0.0613 | |
State 0.347 | Per capita share of grain | S1 | kg/capita | + | 0.0481 |
Carbon sequestration per unit area | S2 | tons/km2 | + | 0.0601 | |
Water yield per unit area | S3 | 104 m3/km2 | + | 0.0630 | |
Forest area per capita | S4 | m2/capita | + | 0.0489 | |
Proportion of good habitat area | S5 | % | + | 0.0590 | |
Soil retention intensity | S6 | tons/km2 | + | 0.0681 | |
Response 0.332 | Agricultural mechanization level | R1 | kw/km2 | + | 0.0534 |
Proportion of coal consumption | R2 | % | − | 0.0774 | |
Proportion of ecological land | R3 | % | + | 0.0454 | |
Wastewater treatment rate | R4 | % | + | 0.0496 | |
Investment in anti-pollution projects as percentage of GDP. | R5 | % | + | 0.0516 | |
Proportion of the tertiary industry in GDP. | R6 | % | + | 0.0551 |
Ecosystem Service | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grain production (million tons) | 6.98 | 5.67 | 5.53 | 3.80 | 3.22 | 3.47 |
Soil retention (billion tons) | 24.30 | 36.58 | 39.07 | 41.13 | 37.32 | 42.13 |
Carbon sequestration (million tons) | 91.45 | 74.32 | 111.43 | 92.60 | 98.38 | 101.59 |
Water yield (billion tons) | 41.8 | 56.2 | 58.5 | 71.6 | 65.0 | 63.6 |
Habitat quality | 0.7738 | 0.7679 | 0.7670 | 0.7465 | 0.7365 | 0.7234 |
Ecosystem Service | 1990 | 1995 | 2000 | 2005 | 2010 | 2015 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Grain demand (million tons) | 5.75 | 6.22 | 7.88 | 7.14 | 7.27 | 6.33 |
Carbon emission (million tons) | 69.90 | 197.43 | 245.88 | 444.55 | 502.26 | 607.72 |
Water demand (billion tons) | 19.42 | 19.53 | 26.87 | 33.56 | 27.41 | 22.82 |
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Liu, W.; Zhan, J.; Zhai, Y.; Zhao, F.; Asiedu Kumi, M.; Wang, C.; Bai, C.; Wang, H. Linking Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand to Evaluate the Ecological Security in the Pearl River Delta Based on the Pressure-State-Response Model. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054062
Liu W, Zhan J, Zhai Y, Zhao F, Asiedu Kumi M, Wang C, Bai C, Wang H. Linking Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand to Evaluate the Ecological Security in the Pearl River Delta Based on the Pressure-State-Response Model. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054062
Chicago/Turabian StyleLiu, Wei, Jinyan Zhan, Yongbo Zhai, Fen Zhao, Michael Asiedu Kumi, Chao Wang, Chunyue Bai, and Huihui Wang. 2023. "Linking Ecosystem Service Supply and Demand to Evaluate the Ecological Security in the Pearl River Delta Based on the Pressure-State-Response Model" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4062. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054062