Technological, Ecological, and Energy-Economic Aspects of Using Solidified Carbon Dioxide for Aerobic Granular Sludge Pre-Treatment Prior to Anaerobic Digestion
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Experimental Design
2.2. Materials
2.2.1. AGS and Inoculum of the Anaerobic Sludge (AS)
2.2.2. SCO2
2.3. Experimental Stations
2.3.1. Stage 1
2.3.2. Stage 2
2.4. Analytical Methods
2.5. Molecular Methods
2.6. Computation Methods
- PSCO2—power of SCO2 generator (W);
- MSCO2—mass of SCO2 (kg);
- YSCO2—yield of SCO2 generator (kg/h).
- YMethane—methane yield (dm3/kg fresh matter (FM));
- CVMethane—calorific value of methane (Wh/dm3);
- MAGS—mass of AGS (kg).
- Eout(Vx)—the energy output in n-variant (Wh);
- Eout(V1)—the energy output in V1 (Wh).
- Enout—the net energy output (Wh);
- Es—the specific energy input (Wh).
- Enet—the net energy gain (Wh);
- EP—energy price (EUR/Wh)—the energy price was adopted as the mean from 2020 to the first half of 2022 based on Eurostat data [29].
- MSCO2—mass of SCO2 (kg);
- CPP—price of EU Carbon Permits (EUR/kg)—the price of EU Carbon Permits was adopted as the mean from 2020 to the first half of 2022 based on Trading Economics data [30].
- EV—energy value (EUR);
- SCO2V—SCO2 value (EUR).
2.7. Statistical and Optimization Methods
3. Results and Discussion
3.1. Stage 1
3.2. Stage 2
3.2.1. Biogas and Methane Production
3.2.2. pH and FOS/TAC
3.2.3. Bacterial Community Structure
3.2.4. Empirical Models and Correlations
- BIOGAS—biogas yield, cm3/gVS;
- METHANE—methane yield, cm3/gVS;
- COD—COD concentration in the supernatant, mgO2/dm3;
- N-NH4+—N-NH4+ concentration in the supernatant, mg/dm3;
- SCO2/AGS—volume ratio of SCO2 to AGS.
3.2.5. Energy and Economic Balance
4. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Indicator | Unit | CAS | AGS | AS |
---|---|---|---|---|
pH | - | 7.61 ± 0.1 | 7.80 ± 0.1 | 7.27 ± 0.2 |
Total solids (TS) | (%) | 4.41 ± 0.1 | 7.42 ± 0.1 | 3.37 ± 0.1 |
Volatile solids (VS) | (%TS) | 82.62 ± 3.5 | 90.17 ± 5.8 | 66.43 ± 6.1 |
Mineral solids (MS) | (%TS) | 17.38 ± 1.3 | 9.83 ± 1.1 | 33.57 ± 5.4 |
Total carbon (TC) | (mg/gTS) | 608 ± 19 | 652 ± 21 | 313 ± 12 |
Total organic carbon (TOC) | (mg/gTS) | 578 ± 17 | 606 ± 16 | 300 ± 10 |
Total nitrogen (TN) | (mg/gTS) | 95 ± 6.2 | 100 ± 5.4 | 33.4 ± 3.6 |
C/N ratio | - | 6.4 ± 0.1 | 6.5 ± 0.1 | 9.37 ± 0.3 |
Total phosphorus (TP) | (mg/gTS) | 3.2 ± 1.1 | 6.9 ± 1.4 | 1.8 ± 0.1 |
Variant 1 | Biogas | Methane | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
r | k | %CH4 | r | k | |
(cm3/d) | (1/d) | (%) | (cm3/d) | (1/d) | |
1 | 47.7 | 0.15 | 68.84 ± 2.2 | 22.6 | 0.11 |
2 | 56.1 | 0.17 | 70.00 ± 2.1 | 27.5 | 0.12 |
3 | 93.7 | 0.22 | 70.14 ± 1.8 | 46.1 | 0.15 |
4 | 113.3 | 0.24 | 71.58 ± 1.7 | 58.1 | 0.17 |
5 | 92.5 | 0.22 | 63.03 ± 1.3 | 36.7 | 0.14 |
6 | 91.2 | 0.21 | 45.80 ± 2.1 | 19.1 | 0.10 |
V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | V6 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
pH of AGS after pre-treatment with SCO2 | 7.80 ± 0.1 | 7.51 ± 0.1 | 7.21 ± 0.1 | 6.93 ± 0.1 | 6.42 ± 0.1 | 6.31 ± 0.1 |
pH of AGS + inoculum | 7.48 ± 0.1 | 7.36 ± 0.1 | 7.24 ± 0.1 | 7.12 ± 0.1 | 6.93 ± 0.1 | 6.89 ± 0.1 |
pH after AD | 7.01 ± 0.1 | 6.86 ± 0.1 | 6.80 ± 0.1 | 6.75 ± 0.1 | 6.44 ± 0.1 | 6.30 ± 0.1 |
FOS/TAC | 0.42 ± 0.04 | 0.42 ± 0.03 | 0.41 ± 0.04 | 0.41 ± 0.05 | 0.40 ± 0.03 | 0.40 ± 0.02 |
Taxonomic Group | V1 | V2 | V3 | V4 | V5 | V6 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Bacteria (EUB338) | 69 ± 10 | 70 ± 11 | 69 ± 12 | 69 ± 10 | 69 ± 11 | 68 ± 10 |
Archaea (ARC915) | 24 ± 6 | 24 ± 4 | 25 ± 7 | 25 ± 11 | 19 ± 9 | 18 ± 8 |
Methanosarcinaceae (MSMX860) | 10 ± 4 | 11 ± 4 | 12 ± 4 | 12 ± 5 | 11 ± 4 | 10 ± 6 |
Methanosaeta (MX825) | 5 ± 2 | 8 ± 3 | 8 ± 3 | 9 ± 4 | 7 ± 3 | 5 ± 2 |
Variant | SCO2/AGS | ρAGS | MAGS | VAGS | ρSCO2 | VSCO2 | MSCO2 | PSCO2 | WSCO2 | Es | Ymethane | Ymethane | CVmethane | Eout | Enout | Enet | Enet |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
- | kg/dm3 | kg | dm3 | kg/dm3 | dm3 | kg | M | kg/h | Wh | dm3/kgVS | dm3/kgFM | Wh/dm3 | Wh | Wh | Wh | kWh/tonTS | |
1 | 0 | 1.03 | 1.03 | 1 | 1.56 | 0 | 0 | 4500 | 1090 | 0 | 213 ± 12 | 14.88 ± 1.5 | 9.17 | 136.48 ± 1.5 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.156 | 0.64404 | 235 ± 15 | 16.42 ± 2.2 | 150.58 ± 2.2 | 14.10 ± 1.4 | 13.45 ± 1.4 | 176.02 ± 18 | |||||||
3 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.312 | 1.28807 | 304 ± 11 | 21.24 ± 1.8 | 194.79 ± 1.8 | 58.31 ± 1.6 | 57.02 ± 1.6 | 746.08 ± 21 | |||||||
4 | 0.3 | 0.3 | 0.468 | 1.93211 | 341 ± 13 | 23.83 ± 1.6 | 218.49 ± 1.6 | 82.02 ± 1.5 | 80.08 ± 1.5 | 1047.85 ± 20 | |||||||
5 | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.624 | 2.57615 | 271 ± 10 | 18.94 ± 2.0 | 173.64 ± 2.0 | 37.16 ± 1.7 | 34.59 ± 1.7 | 452.56 ± 22 | |||||||
6 | 0.5 | 0.5 | 0.78 | 3.22018 | 196 ± 12 | 13.70 ± 1.8 | 125.59 ± 1.8 | −10.89 ± 1.6 | −14.11 ± 1.6 | −184.66 ± 21 |
Variant | Enet | Energy Price | Energy Value | Price of EU Carbon Permits | SCO2 | Value of SCO2 | Profit | Profit |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Wh | EUR/kWh | EUR | EUR/kg | kg | EUR | EUR | EUR/tonTS | |
1 | 0 | 0.2266 | 0.00000 | 0.0517 | 0 | 0 | 0 | 0 |
2 | 13.45 ± 1.4 | 0.00302 | 0.156 | 0.00807 | 0.01108 | 144.99 | ||
3 | 57.02 ± 1.6 | 0.01291 | 0.312 | 0.01613 | 0.02905 | 380.04 | ||
4 | 80.08 ± 1.5 | 0.01815 | 0.468 | 0.02420 | 0.04234 | 554.05 | ||
5 | 34.59 ± 1.7 | 0.00788 | 0.624 | 0.03226 | 0.04014 | 525.24 | ||
6 | −14.11 ± 1.6 | −0.00322 | 0.78 | 0.04033 | 0.03710 | 485.48 |
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Kazimierowicz, J.; Dębowski, M.; Zieliński, M. Technological, Ecological, and Energy-Economic Aspects of Using Solidified Carbon Dioxide for Aerobic Granular Sludge Pre-Treatment Prior to Anaerobic Digestion. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054234
Kazimierowicz J, Dębowski M, Zieliński M. Technological, Ecological, and Energy-Economic Aspects of Using Solidified Carbon Dioxide for Aerobic Granular Sludge Pre-Treatment Prior to Anaerobic Digestion. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054234
Chicago/Turabian StyleKazimierowicz, Joanna, Marcin Dębowski, and Marcin Zieliński. 2023. "Technological, Ecological, and Energy-Economic Aspects of Using Solidified Carbon Dioxide for Aerobic Granular Sludge Pre-Treatment Prior to Anaerobic Digestion" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4234. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054234