Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles albimanus in Two Important Villages in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico, 2022
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Collection of Mosquitoes from the Soconusco Region
2.2. Forced Oviposition of Blood-Fed Mosquitoes
2.3. Insecticide Susceptibility Bioassays
2.3.1. WHO Tubes Tests
2.3.2. CDC Bottle Tests
Determination of the Diagnostic Concentration of the Insecticides
Mortality Percentages
2.4. Biochemical Assays
2.4.1. α- and β-Esterase Assays
2.4.2. ρNPA-Esterases Assay
2.4.3. Glutathione-S-Transferases Assay
2.4.4. Cytochrome P450 Assay
2.4.5. Protein Assay
3. Results
3.1. Insecticide Susceptibility Assays
3.1.1. WHO Tube Tests
3.1.2. CDC Bottle Tests
3.2. Biochemical Assays
3.2.1. α-Esterases and β-Esterases
3.2.2. Cytochromes P450
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Insecticide | Concentrations in μg/mL/Bottle | Number of Mosquitoes | Lethal Concentration 99 (LC99) | Diagnostic Concentration (2LC99) |
---|---|---|---|---|
Deltamethrin | 0.05, 0.075, 0.1, 0.15, 0.2 | 308 | 0.35 | 0.7 |
Permethrin | 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8, 1.2, 1.6 | 408 | 5.96 | 12 |
Malathion | 0.5, 0.75, 1, 2, 3 | 253 | 7.2 | 14.4 |
Chlorpyrifos | 0.05, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.8 | 360 | 0.99 | 2 |
WHO Susceptibility Test | ||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Pyrethroids | Organophosphate | Carbamate | ||||||||||
Deltamethrin | Permethrin | Malathion | Bendiocarb | |||||||||
0.05% | 0.75% | 5% | 0.10% | |||||||||
Villages | n | dead | Mortality % | n | dead | Mortality % | n | dead | Mortality % | n | dead | Mortality % |
Reference * | 201 | 201 | 100 | 199 | 199 | 100 | 210 | 210 | 100 | 201 | 201 | 100 |
Cosalapa | 185 | 139 | 75 | 150 | 134 | 89 | 201 | 201 | 100 | 185 | 185 | 100 |
La Victoria | 190 | 133 | 70 | 180 | 153 | 85 | 188 | 188 | 100 | 195 | 195 | 100 |
CDC susceptibility test | ||||||||||||
Pyrethroids | Organophosphates | |||||||||||
Deltamethrin | Permethrin | Malathion | Chlorpyrifos | |||||||||
0.7 µg/Bottle | 12 µg/Bottle | 14.4 µg/Bottle | 2 µg/Bottle | |||||||||
Villages | n | dead | Mortality % | n | dead | Mortality % | n | dead | Mortality % | n | dead | Mortality % |
Reference * | 201 | 201 | 100 | 205 | 205 | 100 | 206 | 206 | 100 | 189 | 189 | 100 |
Cosalapa | 101 | 82 | 81 | 115 | 90 | 78 | 112 | 112 | 100 | 100 | 100 | 100 |
La Victoria | 122 | 104 | 85 | 103 | 91 | 88 | 101 | 101 | 100 | 101 | 101 | 100 |
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Share and Cite
Solis-Santoyo, F.; Villarreal-Treviño, C.; López-Solis, A.D.; González-Cerón, L.; Rodríguez-Ramos, J.C.; Vera-Maloof, F.Z.; Danis-Lozano, R.; Penilla-Navarro, R.P. Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles albimanus in Two Important Villages in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico, 2022. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054258
Solis-Santoyo F, Villarreal-Treviño C, López-Solis AD, González-Cerón L, Rodríguez-Ramos JC, Vera-Maloof FZ, Danis-Lozano R, Penilla-Navarro RP. Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles albimanus in Two Important Villages in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico, 2022. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054258
Chicago/Turabian StyleSolis-Santoyo, Francisco, Cuauhtémoc Villarreal-Treviño, Alma D. López-Solis, Lilia González-Cerón, José Cruz Rodríguez-Ramos, Farah Z. Vera-Maloof, Rogelio Danis-Lozano, and Rosa Patricia Penilla-Navarro. 2023. "Resistance to Pyrethroids in the Malaria Vector Anopheles albimanus in Two Important Villages in the Soconusco Region of Chiapas, Mexico, 2022" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4258. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054258