Peer Relationship Profiles among Early Adolescents from Low-Income Families: The Unique and Combined Effects of Attachment to Mothers and Conscientiousness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. A Person-Centered Approach to Peer Relationships
1.2. Attachment to Mothers
1.3. Conscientiousness
1.4. The Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Participants and Procedures
2.2. Measures
2.2.1. Peer Acceptance
2.2.2. Friendships
2.2.3. Attachment to Mothers
2.2.4. Conscientiousness
2.2.5. Covariates
2.3. Data Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Identification of Peer Relationship Profiles
3.3. Unique and Combined Associations of Attachment to Mothers and Conscientiousness with Peer Relationship Profiles
4. Discussion
Theoretical and Practical Implications
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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N | % | |
---|---|---|
Age (M ± SD years) | 10.94 ± 0.79 | |
Gender (girls) | 126 | 42.7% |
Parental education (mother/father) | ||
Middle school or lower | 169/143 | 57.3%/48.5% |
High school | 105/129 | 35.6%/43.7% |
University or college education | 20/19 | 6.8%/6.4% |
Master’s degree or higher | 1/4 | 0.3%/1.4% |
Income (Chinese Yuan) | ||
Less than 3000 | 69 | 23.4% |
3000–5000 | 226 | 76.6% |
Variable | M | SD | Range | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Peer-nominated acceptance | −0.06 | 0.92 | −1.47–3.55 | — | ||||||
2. Self-reported friendships | 4.12 | 0.86 | 1–5 | 0.38 *** | — | |||||
3. Self-reported attachment to mothers | 4.00 | 0.68 | 1–5 | 0.15 * | 0.37 *** | — | ||||
4. Parent-rated conscientiousness | 3.44 | 0.89 | 1–5 | 0.19 ** | 0.24 *** | 0.17 ** | — | |||
5. Age | 10.94 | 0.79 | 10–13 | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.12 * | 0.04 | — | ||
6. Gender a | - | - | 1–2 | 0.07 | 0.17 ** | 0.05 | 0.17 ** | −0.07 | — | |
7. Socioeconomic status | −3.92 | 2.15 | −8.99–3.22 | 0.07 | 0.01 | 0.05 | 0.01 | −0.08 | 0.07 | — |
AIC | BIC | aBIC | Entropy | ALMR LRT | BLRT | Smallest Profiles (%) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1-Profile | 1631.58 | 1646.33 | 1633.64 | - | - | - | - |
2-Profile | 1551.17 | 1576.98 | 1554.78 | 0.84 | 81.62 ** | 86.40 ** | 19.3% |
3-Profile | 1480.79 | 1517.66 | 1485.95 | 0.82 | 72.15 ** | 76.37 ** | 15.0% |
4-Profile | 1452.68 | 1500.61 | 1459.39 | 0.81 | 32.22 | 34.11 | 5.0% |
5-Profile | 1440.60 | 1499.59 | 1448.85 | 0.80 | 17.08 | 18.08 | 4.2% |
Profile Contrast | Variables | b | SE b | 95% CI for b | Odds Ratio | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Isolated vs. Socially Competent | Attachment to mothers | 1.42 | 0.38 | 0.67 | 2.16 | 4.12 | <0.001 |
Conscientiousness | 0.96 | 0.29 | 0.39 | 1.53 | 2.61 | <0.001 | |
Age | 0.03 | 0.29 | −0.55 | 0.60 | 1.03 | 0.931 | |
Gender a | 0.44 | 0.48 | −0.51 | 1.39 | 1.55 | 0.363 | |
Socioeconomic status | 0.02 | 0.10 | −0.18 | 0.22 | 1.02 | 0.819 | |
Attachment to mothers X Conscientiousness | 1.13 | 0.41 | 0.31 | 1.94 | 3.08 | 0.007 | |
Isolated vs. Average | Attachment to mothers | 1.08 | 0.27 | 0.56 | 1.61 | 2.96 | <0.001 |
Conscientiousness | 0.50 | 0.22 | 0.07 | 0.94 | 1.66 | 0.024 | |
Age | 0.19 | 0.23 | −0.25 | 0.64 | 1.21 | 0.394 | |
Gender a | 0.52 | 0.39 | −0.24 | 1.28 | 1.68 | 0.181 | |
Socioeconomic status | −0.09 | 0.08 | −0.25 | 0.07 | 0.91 | 0.271 | |
Attachment to mothers X Conscientiousness | 0.61 | 0.30 | 0.02 | 1.20 | 1.85 | 0.041 |
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Lan, X.; Wang, C.; Cui, G. Peer Relationship Profiles among Early Adolescents from Low-Income Families: The Unique and Combined Effects of Attachment to Mothers and Conscientiousness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054349
Lan X, Wang C, Cui G. Peer Relationship Profiles among Early Adolescents from Low-Income Families: The Unique and Combined Effects of Attachment to Mothers and Conscientiousness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054349
Chicago/Turabian StyleLan, Xiaoyu, Chen Wang, and Guanyu Cui. 2023. "Peer Relationship Profiles among Early Adolescents from Low-Income Families: The Unique and Combined Effects of Attachment to Mothers and Conscientiousness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4349. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054349