Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Animal Wastewater by Ecological Treatment Technology Based on Plant Absorption
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Pollution of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Livestock and Poultry Wastewater and Its Impact on the Surrounding Environment
2.1. Generation of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Livestock and Poultry Wastewater
2.2. Types and Levels of Contamination with Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Livestock and Poultry Wastewater
2.3. Impact of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Wastewater on the Surrounding Environment
3. Livestock and Poultry Wastewater Treatment Technology
4. Plant Ecological Treatment Technology for Livestock Wastewater
4.1. Effectiveness of Plant Ecological Treatment Technology on the Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
4.2. Drivers of Resistance Gene Elongation in Plant Ecological Treatment Systems
4.3. Transmission Pathways and Distribution Characteristics of Antibiotic Resistance Genes in Plant Tissues
4.4. Mechanism of Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes
4.5. Conclusions and Outlook
- (1)
- Continue to clarify the key drivers of ARGs. Since ARG removal is influenced by many factors and there are interactions among the various factors, it is a primary task to sort out the relationships among them, which can help to capture the main factors influencing ARGs. In addition, the current research tools mainly focus on comparative experiments and correlation coefficient analysis methods, but these tools have certain limitations. For example, the correlation coefficient analysis method can only analyze two variables and fluctuates greatly due to the number of data sets, while it is difficult to ensure that other factors remain unchanged under the condition that only one factor can be changed at a time for comparative experiments. Therefore, it is necessary to find a technical tool that can sort out the relationship between various factors, including the direct effect between factors and the indirect effect through other factors.
- (2)
- In-depth exploration of the removal mechanism of ARGs. There are various pathways for ARG removal. Although some studies suggest that microbial degradation plays a major role in ARG removal, the role of plant uptake and substrate particle adsorption cannot be ignored. They provide attachment sites for microorganisms and contaminants. In particular, the root interface is a complex mechanism for ARG removal; therefore, the root interface should be the focus of future research. Therefore, the removal mechanisms of ARGs at the root interface should be studied in depth.
- (3)
- Investigate the distribution characteristics and propagation mechanisms of ARGs in plant tissues. After absorbing nutrients from wastewater, most plants recycle them for resource use. The distribution and propagation of ARGs in plants is the key to whether ARGs can enter the next level of the food chain, and there are few studies focusing on this aspect. Therefore, the distribution characteristics of ARGs in different plant tissues and the mechanisms of their transfer should be further clarified in order to assess the ecological risk posed by ARGs in plant ecological treatment systems.
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Wastewater Types | Botany Types | Variable Factors | Target ARGs | Removal Effects | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic wastewater | Cyperus alternifolius L. | Artificial aeration and mixing design | sul1, sul2, tetG, tetO, ermB, qnrS, qnrD, cmlA and floR | 87.8~99.1% | [30] |
Domestic wastewater | Thalia dealbata Fraser. and Iris tectorum Maxim. | Flow patterns and plant types | sul1, sul2, sul3, tetG, tetM, tetO, tetX, ermB, ermC, cmlA and floR | 63.9~84.0% | [36] |
Domestic wastewater | Cyperus alternifolius L. | Substrate and hydraulic load | sul1, sul2, sul3, tetG, tetM, tetO, tetX, ermB, ermC, qnrB, qnrD, qnrS, cmlA, fexA, fexB, floR, intl1 and intl2 | 50.0~85.8% | [38] |
Pig farm wastewater | P. australis | Vertical Flow Artificial Wetland | sul1, sul2 and sul3 | 89%, 88% and 84% | [42] |
Pig farm wastewater | Hybrid pennisetum | Filler type | tetM, tetO and tetW | 50% | [43] |
Pig farm wastewater | Arundo donax | Filler type | sulI, sulII, sulIII, tetM, tetO and tetW | 67.5%, 85.6%, 95.6%, 87.9%, 97.9% and 98.5% | [37] |
Synthetic pig farm wastewater | P. australis | Water flow method | sulI, sulII, tetM, tetW and tetO | 99.9% (Sulfonamides); 99.9% (Tetracycline) | [41] |
Livestock wastewater | P. australis | Exogenous antibiotics and resistant bacteria | 73 ARGs | >60% | [44] |
Pig farm wastewater after digestion | Iris pseudacorus | With or without aeration | tetA, tetM, tetO and tetW | 87.88% | [45] |
Urban wastewater | P. australis | Operating conditions | intI1, qnrS, sul1, sul2, blaTEM and ermB | −7.67~92.9% | [32] |
Wetlands wastewater | P. australis | With or without aeration | sul1, sul2, tetA, tetC, ermB and intl1 | 12.3~39.2% | [46] |
Pig farm wastewater | Pontederia cordata and M. verticillatum L. | Water flow method | sul3, intI1, sul2, sul1, tetO, ermB, intI2, tetB/P, ermC, tetM and tetX | 87~99% | [47] |
Wastewater Types | Botany Types | Analysis Method | Target ARGs | Influencing Factors and Conclusions | References |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Domestic wastewater | Cyperus alternifolius L. | Correlation factor method | sul1, sul2, tetG, tetO, ermB, qnrS, qnrD, cmlA and floR | Dissolved oxygen, antibiotic levels significantly affect microorganisms and thus ARGs | [30] |
Domestic wastewater | Thalia dealbata Fraser. and Iris tectorum Maxim. | Comparison test | sul1, sul2, sul3, tetG, tetM, tetO, tetX, ermB, ermC, cmlA and floR | Plant type had a significant effect | [36] |
Domestic wastewater | Cyperus alternifolius L. | Analyzing Data | sul1, sul2, sul3, tetG, tetM, tetO, tetX, ermB, ermC, qnrB, qnrD, qnrS, cmlA, fexA, fexB, floR, intl1 and intl2 | Microbial activity is significantly correlated with pollutant removal | [38] |
Pig farm wastewater | Arundo donax | Correlation coefficient | sulI, sulII, sulIII, tetM, tetO and tetW | The removal rate of ARGs was significantly and negatively correlated with the absolute abundance of 16S and ARGs but not with the relative abundance of ARGs | [37] |
Synthetic pig farm wastewater | P. australis | Comparison test | sulI, sulII, tetM, tetO and tetW | pH 7-8 is optimal, added oxygen content does not contribute to the abatement of ARGs, and the effect of antibiotics is not significant | [41,55] |
Livestock wastewater | P. australis | Comparison test | 73 target ARGs | Abundance of ARGs promoted by oxytetracycline and exogenous drug-resistant bacteria | [44] |
Pig farm wastewater after digestion | Iris pseudacorus | Correlation coefficient method | tetA, tetM, tetO and tetW | Soluble organic matter composition and content, COD were significantly correlated with tetA, tetM, tetO and not with tetW; oxygen content | [45] |
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Wang, H.; Du, D.; Ding, Y.; Zhang, K.; Zhi, S. Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Animal Wastewater by Ecological Treatment Technology Based on Plant Absorption. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054357
Wang H, Du D, Ding Y, Zhang K, Zhi S. Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Animal Wastewater by Ecological Treatment Technology Based on Plant Absorption. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054357
Chicago/Turabian StyleWang, Han, Delin Du, Yongzhen Ding, Keqiang Zhang, and Suli Zhi. 2023. "Removal of Antibiotic Resistance Genes from Animal Wastewater by Ecological Treatment Technology Based on Plant Absorption" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4357. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054357