When the Going Gets Tough and the Environment Is Rough: The Role of Departmental Level Hostile Work Climate in the Relationships between Job Stressors and Workplace Bullying
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. The Concept of Workplace Bullying
1.2. Antecedents and Risk Factors of Exposure to Workplace Bullying
1.2.1. Role Conflict
1.2.2. High Workload
1.2.3. Hostile Work Climate
2. Method
2.1. Procedure and Participants
2.2. Instruments
2.3. Analyses
2.4. Research Ethics
3. Results
3.1. Descriptive Statistics
3.2. Multilevel Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Practical Implications
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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SD | ICC1/ ICC2 | S2 between | S2 within | 1. | 2. | 3. | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Within-level | ||||||||
1. Bullying behaviours | 1.41 | 0.47 | 0.21 a | 0.05 | 0.19 | - | 0.27 *** | 0.54 *** |
2. Role conflict | 1.62 | 0.49 | 0.13 a | 0.03 | 0.22 | 0.89 *** | - | 0.55 * |
3. Workload | 1.56 | 0.66 | 0.04 a | 0.02 | 0.42 | 0.53 * | 0.32 *** | - |
Between-level | ||||||||
4. Hostile work climate | 0.24 | 0.17 | 0.13 a 0.85 b | 0.05 | - | 0.99 *** | 0.53 * | 0.86 *** |
Level and Variable | Null Model (Step 1) | Main Effect of L1 Predictors (Step 2) | Random Slope (Step 3) | Main Effect of L2 Predictor (Step 4) | Cross-Level Interactions (Step 5) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Level 1 | |||||
Intercept ( | 1.425 (0.024) *** | 1.429 (0.025) *** | 1.431 (0.024) *** | 1.414 (0.013) *** | 1.410 (0.012) *** |
Role conflict ( | 0.474 (0.024) *** | 0.466 (0.030) *** | 0.469 (0.031) *** | 0.454 (0.027) *** | |
Workload () | 0.071 (0.017) *** | 0.065 (0.017) *** | 0.068 (0.017) *** | 0.060 (0.017) *** | |
Level 2 | |||||
Hostile work climate ( | 0.955 (0.065) *** | 1.068 (0.068) *** | |||
Cross-level interaction | |||||
Role conflict ∗ Hostile work climate ( | 0.981 (0.153) *** | ||||
Workload ∗ hostile work climate ( | −0.42 (0.115) *** | ||||
Variance components | |||||
Within-unit (L1) variance ( | 0.193 (0.008) *** | 0.135 (0.005) *** | 0.128 (0.005) *** | 0.127 (0.005) *** | 0.126 (0.005) *** |
Intercept (L2) variance ( | 0.040 (0.008) *** | 0.051 (0.009) *** | 0.051 (0.009) *** | 0.006 (0.002) ** | 0.005 (0.002) * |
Slope (L2) variance role conflict ( | 0.035 (0.0011) ** | 0.035 (0.012) ** | 0.014 (0.008) | ||
Intercept-slope (L2) covariance role conflict | 0.044 (0.008) *** | 0.015 (0.004) *** | 0.011 (0.003) *** | ||
Slope (L2) variance workload ( | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | ||
Intercept-slope (L2) covariance workload | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | 0.000 (0.000) | ||
Loglikelihood | 1666.63 | 1247.58 | 1194.92 | 1078.87 | 1041.57 |
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Zahlquist, L.; Hetland, J.; Notelaers, G.; Rosander, M.; Einarsen, S.V. When the Going Gets Tough and the Environment Is Rough: The Role of Departmental Level Hostile Work Climate in the Relationships between Job Stressors and Workplace Bullying. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054464
Zahlquist L, Hetland J, Notelaers G, Rosander M, Einarsen SV. When the Going Gets Tough and the Environment Is Rough: The Role of Departmental Level Hostile Work Climate in the Relationships between Job Stressors and Workplace Bullying. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054464
Chicago/Turabian StyleZahlquist, Lena, Jørn Hetland, Guy Notelaers, Michael Rosander, and Ståle Valvatne Einarsen. 2023. "When the Going Gets Tough and the Environment Is Rough: The Role of Departmental Level Hostile Work Climate in the Relationships between Job Stressors and Workplace Bullying" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054464
APA StyleZahlquist, L., Hetland, J., Notelaers, G., Rosander, M., & Einarsen, S. V. (2023). When the Going Gets Tough and the Environment Is Rough: The Role of Departmental Level Hostile Work Climate in the Relationships between Job Stressors and Workplace Bullying. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 20(5), 4464. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054464