COVID-19 Pandemic Fatigue and Its Sociodemographic, Mental Health Status, and Perceived Causes: A Cross-Sectional Study Nearing the Transition to an Endemic Phase in Malaysia
Abstract
:1. Introduction
Research Questions
- What is the COVID-19 pandemic fatigue prevalence among Malaysians?
- What are the mental health status and perceived causes of pandemic fatigue in Malaysia?
- What is the association between sociodemographic, mental health, and perceived causes of pandemic fatigue with pandemic fatigue?
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Settings
2.2. Measurement of Sociodemographic Characteristics
2.3. Measurement of Pandemic Fatigue
2.4. Measurement of Mental Health
2.5. Measurement of Perceived Causes of Pandemic Fatigue
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Description of Pandemic Fatigue, Mental Health Status, and Perceived Causes of Pandemic Fatigue
3.2. Association between Sociodemographic Characteristics and Pandemic Fatigue
3.3. Association between Mental Health and Pandemic Fatigue
3.4. Association between Perceived Causes of Pandemic Fatigue and Fatigue Category
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Sociodemographic Characteristics | Official Demographic Data (Million) a | Total (N) (100%) | Fatigued b | Non-Fatigued | Statistic | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(n = 420), n (%) | (n = 355), n (%) | |||||
Age, mean (standard deviation) | 29.78 (11.115) | 34.6 | OR = 0.967 [95% CI = 0.956, 0.979], p < 0.001 * | |||
(12.831) | ||||||
Gender | Male | 17 [41] | 268 | 133 (49.6) | 135 (50.4) | χ2 = 3.44, p = 0.064 |
Female | 15.7 [41] | 507 | 287 (56.6) | 220 (43.4) | ||
Ethnicity | Malay | 69.9 [41] | 637 | 333 (52.3) | 304 (47.7) | χ2 = 5.30, p = 0.021 * |
Non-Malay | 30.1 [41] | 138 | 87 (63.0) | 51 (37.0) | ||
Regions in Malaysia | North Peninsular | 91 | 53 (58.2) | 38 (41.8) | χ2 = 3.65, p = 0.456 | |
Central Peninsular | 267 | 154 (57.7) | 113 (42.3) | |||
South Peninsular | 216 | 112 (51.9) | 104 (48.1) | |||
East Peninsular | 161 | 81 (50.3) | 80 (49.7) | |||
East Malaysia | 40 | 20 (50.0) | 20 (50.0) | |||
Education level | Secondary | 63 | 39 (61.9) | 24 (38.1) | χ2 = 1.64, p = 0.200 | |
Tertiary | 712 | 381 (53.5) | 331 (46.5) | |||
Living arrangement | Alone | 412 | 250 (60.7) | 162 (39.3) | χ2 = 14.91, p < 0.001 * | |
With family/spouse | 363 | 170 (46.8) | 193 (53.2) | |||
Income category | Low (≤MYR4850) | 2.91 [42] | 303 | 189 (62.4) | 114 (37.6) | χ2 = 13.42, p < 0.001 * |
Middle/ High (>MYR4850) | 4.37 [42] | 472 | 231 (48.9) | 241 (51.1) | ||
Having chronic diseases | No | 61.2 (%) [43] | 628 | 343 (54.6) | 285 (45.4) | χ2 = 0.24, p = 0.646 |
Yes | 38.8 (%) [43] | 147 | 77 (52.3) | 70 (47.6) | ||
Past COVID-19 infection | No | 511 | 275 (53.8) | 236 (46.2) | χ2 = 0.09, p = 0.769 | |
Yes | 264 | 145 (54.9) | 119 (45.1) | |||
Work from home (n = 755) | No | 401 | 209 (52.1) | 192 (47.9) | χ2 = 1.65, p = 0.200 | |
Yes | 354 | 201 (56.8) | 153 (43.2) |
Variable | B | Crude Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Depression score | 0.25 | 1.29 | 1.24, 1.34 | <0.001 * |
Anxiety score | 0.24 | 1.27 | 1.22, 1.32 | <0.001 * |
Stress score | 0.21 | 1.23 | 1.12, 1.27 | <0.001 * |
Variable | B | Crude Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Perception of fatigue to comply with the SOP of COVID-19 | 0.02 | 1.02 | 1.00, 1.04 | 0.018 * |
Perception risk of infection with COVID-19 | 0.06 | 1.06 | 1.02, 1.11 | 0.008 * |
Perception of distress due to the pandemic | 0.16 | 1.17 | 1.12, 1.22 | <0.001 * |
Perception of negligence toward pandemic | 0.10 | 1.10 | 1.05, 1.17 | <0.001 * |
Perception of change due to pandemic | 0.11 | 1.12 | 1.06, 1.18 | <0.001 * |
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Abdul Rashid, M.R.; Syed Mohamad, S.N.; Tajjudin, A.I.A.; Roslan, N.; Jaffar, A.; Mohideen, F.B.S.; Addnan, F.H.; Baharom, N.; Ithnin, M. COVID-19 Pandemic Fatigue and Its Sociodemographic, Mental Health Status, and Perceived Causes: A Cross-Sectional Study Nearing the Transition to an Endemic Phase in Malaysia. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054476
Abdul Rashid MR, Syed Mohamad SN, Tajjudin AIA, Roslan N, Jaffar A, Mohideen FBS, Addnan FH, Baharom N, Ithnin M. COVID-19 Pandemic Fatigue and Its Sociodemographic, Mental Health Status, and Perceived Causes: A Cross-Sectional Study Nearing the Transition to an Endemic Phase in Malaysia. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(5):4476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054476
Chicago/Turabian StyleAbdul Rashid, Mohd Radzniwan, Sharifah Najwa Syed Mohamad, Ahmad Izzat Ahmad Tajjudin, Nuruliza Roslan, Aida Jaffar, Fathima Begum Syed Mohideen, Faizul Helmi Addnan, Nizam Baharom, and Muslimah Ithnin. 2023. "COVID-19 Pandemic Fatigue and Its Sociodemographic, Mental Health Status, and Perceived Causes: A Cross-Sectional Study Nearing the Transition to an Endemic Phase in Malaysia" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 5: 4476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20054476