Educational Stress among Greek Adolescents: Associations between Individual, Study and School-Related Factors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Research Sample Description
2.2. Measurements and Data Collection Tools
3. Results
3.1. Demographic Characteristics
3.2. Study Measurements
3.3. Associations between Demographic Characteristics and Examined Scales
3.4. Demographic Characteristics
3.5. Study- and Leisure-Related Characteristics
3.6. Correlations between the Scales Examined
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Prabu, S. A Study on Academic Stress among Higher Secondary Students. Int. J. Humanit. Soc. Sci. Invent. 2015, 4, 63–68. [Google Scholar]
- Sun, J.; Dunne, M.P.; Hou, X.; Xu, A. Educational Stress Scale for Adolescents. J. Psychoeduc. Assess. 2011, 29, 534–546. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Shankar, N.L.; Park, C.L. Effects of stress on students’ physical and mental health and academic success. Int. J. Sch. Educ. Psychol. 2016, 4, 5–9. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Deb, S.; Strodl, E.; Sun, H. Academic stress, parental pressure, anxiety and mental health among Indian high school students. Int. J. Psychol. Behav. Sci. 2015, 5, 26–34. [Google Scholar]
- Lazaratou, H.; Anagnostopoulos, D.C.; Vlassopoulos, M.; Charbilas, D.; Rotsika, V.; Tsakanikos, E.; Tzavara, C.; Dikeos, D. Predictors and characteristics of anxiety among adolescent students: A Greek sample. Psychiatriki 2013, 24, 27–36. [Google Scholar] [PubMed]
- Moksnes, U.K.; Moljord IE, O.; Espnes, G.A.; Byrne, D.G. The association between stress and emotional states in adolescents: The role of gender and self-esteem. Personal. Individ. Differ. 2010, 49, 430–435. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Gupta, A.; Harjai, S. Stres Management for Adolescents: A Review. Int. J. Recent Adv. Multidiscip. Res. 2016, 3, 1913–1918. [Google Scholar]
- Moksnes, U.K.; Espnes, G.A.; Haugan, G. Stress, sense of coherence and emotional symptoms in adolescents. Psychol. Health 2013, 29, 32–49. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Lande, L.J. School-Related Pressure in Adolescents and its Relationship with Stress: The Moderating Role of Resilience and Optimism; Utrecht University: Utrecht, The Netherlands, 2020. [Google Scholar]
- Pascoe, M.; Bailey, A.P.; Craike, M.; Carter, T.; Patten, R.; Stepto, N.; Parker, A. Physical activity and exercise in youth mental health promotion: A scoping review. BMJ Open Sport Exerc. Med. 2020, 6, e000677. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Sun, J.; Dunne, M.P.; Hou, X.; Xu, A. Educational stress among Chinese adolescents: Individual, family, school and peer influences. Educ. Rev. 2013, 65, 284–302. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- OECD. Education for a Bright Future in Greece. Reviews of National Policies for Education; Athens, Greece OECD Publishing: Athens, Greece, 2018. [Google Scholar]
- Sakka, S.; Nikopoulou, V.; Bonti, E.; Tatsiopoulou, P.; Karamouzi, P.; Giazkoulidou, A.; Tsipropoulou, V.; Parlapani, E.; Holeva, V.; Diakogiannis, I. Assessing test anxiety and resilience among Greek adolescents during COVID-19 pandemic. J. Mind Med. Sci. 2020, 7, 173–178. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Basch, C.E. Healthier Students Are Better Learners: High-Quality, Strategically Planned, and Effectively Coordinated School Health Programs Must Be a Fundamental Mission of Schools to Help Close the Achievement Gap. J. Sch. Health 2011, 81, 650–662. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
Sex, N (%) | |
Males | 152 (38.1) |
Females | 247 (61.9) |
Age (years) | |
Median (IQR) | 17.0 (1.0) |
Mean (SD) | 16.3 (1.4) |
Class, N (%) | |
Seventh grade (Gymnasium) | 12 (3.0) |
Eighth grade (Gymnasium) | 30 (7.5) |
Ninth grade (Gymnasium) | 38 (9.5) |
Tenth grade (Lyceum) | 94 (23.6) |
Eleventh grade (Lyceum) | 115 (28.8) |
Twelfth grade (Lyceum) | 110 (27.6) |
Place of residence, N (%) | |
Athens | 355 (89.0) |
Other | 44 (11.0) |
Siblings, N (%) | |
Yes | 324 (81.2) |
No | 75 (18.8) |
Parents’ Marital Status, N (%) | |
Married | 291 (72.9) |
Divorced/Separated | 100 (25.1) |
Death of one or both parents | 8 (2.0) |
Parents’ Educational status, N (%) | |
Until Upper Secondary School (Lyceum) | 127 (31.8) |
Bachelor | 207 (51.9) |
MSc/Ph.D. | 65 (16.3) |
Parents’ work status, N (%) | |
Unskilled | 22 (5.5) |
Semi-skilled | 28 (7.0) |
Skilled | 349 (87.5) |
Time spent on schoolwork, daily, N (%) | |
Less than 2 h | 79 (19.8) |
2–3 h | 182 (45.6) |
More than 3 h | 138 (34.6) |
Private tutoring during the last year, N (%) | |
Yes | 349 (87.5) |
No | 50 (12.5) |
Class during weekends or holidays, N (%) | |
Yes | 204 (51.1) |
No | 195 (48.9) |
Grades during last year, N (%) | |
Low | 13 (3.3) |
Medium | 125 (31.3) |
High | 194 (48.6) |
Very high | 67 (16.8) |
Health state during the last 30 days, N (%) | |
Bad | 9 (2.3) |
Average | 96 (24.1) |
Good | 294 (73.7) |
Physical exercise during the last 30 days, N (%) | |
Yes | 309 (77.4) |
No | 90 (22.6) |
Use of Internet during the last 30 days, N (%) | |
Yes | 398 (99.7) |
No | 1 (0.3) |
Electronic games during the last 30 days, N (%) | |
Yes | 214 (53.6) |
No | 185 (46.4) |
Scale and Subscale Scores | Median (IQR) Mean (SD) |
---|---|
ESSA—Total Score | 49.0 (15.0) 47.7 (10.0) |
ESSA—Pressure from Study | 12.0 (4.0) 12.0 (3.0) |
ESSA—Workload | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.5) |
ESSA—Worry about Grades | 8.0 (4.0) 8.4 (2.5) |
ESSA—Self-expectation | 10.0 (5.0) 9.5 (2.7) |
ESSA—Despondency | 8.0 (4.0) 8.0 (2.3) |
STAI—State | 44.0 (25.0) 44.0 (15.7) |
STAI—Trait | 45.0 (22.0) 44.5 (12.7) |
Self-esteem Scale | 28. (6.0) 27.4 (5.3) |
ASQ—Stress of Home Life | 36.0 (16.0) 35.8 (10.8) |
ASQ—Stress of School Performance | 23.0 (9.0) 22.4 (6.2) |
ASQ—Stress of School Attendance | 8.0 (5.0) 8.3 (3.3) |
ASQ—Stress of Romantic Relationships | 15.0 (10.0) 15.4 (6.1) |
ASQ—Stress of Peer Pressure | 20.0 (13.0) 20.5 (7.7) |
ASQ—Stress of Teacher Interaction | 18.0 (10.0) 18.8 (7.1) |
ASQ—Stress of Future Uncertainty | 11.0 (4.0) 10.9 (3.1) |
ASQ—Stress of School/Leisure Conflict | 18.0 (8.0) 17.1 (4.7) |
ASQ—Stress of Financial Pressure | 12.0 (6.0) 11.9 (4.3) |
ASQ—Stress of Emerging Adult Responsibility | 8.0 (4.0) 8.1 (3.1) |
Categories | Self-Expectation | Workload | Despondency | Pressure from Study | Worry about Grades | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sex Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Males | 8.0 (3.8) 8.6 (2.4) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.4 (2.4) | 7.0 (3.0) 7.4 (2.2) | 11.0 (4.0) 11.1 (3.0) | 8.0 (4.0) 7.9 (2.2) |
Females | 10.0 (4.0) 10.0 (2.7) | 11.0 (4.0) 10.2 (2.5) | 8.0 (3.0) 8.4 (2.2) | 13.0 (3.0) 12.5 (2.8) | 9.0 (3.0) 8.7 (2.6) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | 0.002 | 0.014 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Age (years) | Spearman’s rho | 0.180 | 0.198 | 0.186 | 0.220 | 0.098 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | 0.051 | |
Siblings Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Yes | 10.0 (5.0) 9.5 (2.7) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.5) | 8.0 (3.0) 7.9 (2.3) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.9 (2.9) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.2 (2.3) |
No | 10.0 (4.0) 9.5 (2.5) | 10.0 (3.0) 9.7 (2.5) | 8.0 (3.0) 8.2 (2.3) | 12.0 (4.0) 12.4 (3.0) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.0 (2.9) | |
p-value | 0.296 | 0.296 | 0.017 | 0.891 | 0.259 | |
Parents’ Marital Status Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Married | 10.0 (5.0) 9.5 (2.8) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.5) | 8.0 (3.0) 7.8 (2.3) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.9 (3.0) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.2 (2.4) |
Divorced/separated | 10.0 (4.5) 9.5 (2.4) | 10.0 (4.0) 10.0 (2.5) | 8.5 (3.0) 8.5 (2.0) | 12.0 (4.0) 12.1 (3.0) | 9.0 (4.0) 8.7 (2.7) | |
Death of one or both parents | 9.5 (3.5) 8.9 (2.1) | 11.0 (2.0) 10.8 (1.5) | 9.0 (2.0) 9.3 (2.3) | 12.5 (4.8) 12.6 (2.6) | 9.5 (3.8) 9.6 (1.9) | |
p-value | 0.772 | 0.576 | 0.144 | 0.792 | 0.004 | |
Parents’ Educational Status Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Until upper secondary school (Lyceum) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.4 (2.7) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.3) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.0 (2.2) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.7 (2.8) | 9.0 (4.0) 8.5 (2.5) |
Bachelor | 10.0 (4.0) 9.3 (2.6) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.6) | 8.0 (3.0) 7.9 (2.3) | 12.0 (4.0) 12.0 (3.1) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.3 (2.5) | |
MSc/Ph.D. | 11.0 (5.0) 10.0 (2.9) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.8 (2.6) | 8.0 (3.0) 8.2 (2.4) | 13.0 (5.0) 12.6 (3.0) | 9.0 (3.0) 8.4 (2.2) | |
p-value | 0.120 | 0.908 | 0.508 | 0.174 | 0.498 | |
Parents’ Work Status Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Unskilled | 10.5 (5.0) 9.5 (2.4) | 10.0 (4.3) 9.8 (2.4) | 8.0 (4.3) 8.4 (2.1) | 13.0 (4.0) 11.9 (2.9) | 10.0 (4.5) 10.1 (3.0) |
Semi-skilled | 10.0 (4.8) 9.8 (2.3) | 11.0 (3.0) 10.3 (2.3) | 8.5 (2.0) 8.2 (2.0) | 13.0 (4.8) 12.6 (3.0) | 9.0 (3.0) 8.8 (1.8) | |
Skilled | 10.0 (5.0) 9.4 (2.7) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.5) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.0 (2.3) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.9 (3.0) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.2 (2.4) | |
p-value | 0.365 | 0.681 | 0.007 | 0.775 | 0.369 | |
Time Spent on Schoolwork Daily; Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Less than 2 h | 10.0 (5.0) 9.7 (2.9) | 9.0 (5.0) 9.2 (2.7) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.2 (2.6) | 11.0 (4.0) 11.2 (3.1) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.4 (2.6) |
2–3 h | 9.0 (4.0) 8.7 (2.7) | 9.0 (4.3) 9.3 (2.5) | 7.0 (3.0) 7.6 (2.3) | 11.0 (4.0) 11.2 (2.9) | 8.0 (3.0) 8.0 (2.4) | |
More than 3 h | 11.0 (4.0) 10.3 (2.3) | 11.0 (2.0) 11.1 (1.9) | 8.0 (3.0) 8.4 (1.9) | 14.0 (3.0) 13.4 (2.4) | 9.0 (3.0) 8.9 (2.5) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.003 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | |
Private Tutoring During the Last Year; Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Yes | 10.0 (5.0) 9.6 (2.6) | 10.0 (3.0) 10.1 (2.5) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.1 (2.2) | 12.0 (4.0) 12.2 (2.8) | 9.0 (3.0) 8.5 (2.5) |
No | 7.0 (4.3) 8.3 (2.9) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.3 (2.4) | 7.0 (2.3) 7.2 (2.3) | 10.0 (5.0) 10.3 (3.2) | 7.0 (3.0) 7.4 (2.3) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.001 | 0.001 | 0.005 | |
Class During Weekends or Holidays; Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Yes | 10.5 (4.0) 10.0 (2.6) | 11.0 (3.0) 10.5 (2.4) | 8.0 (3.8) 8.3 (2.3) | 13.0 (4.0) 12.8 (2.9) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.0 (2.5) |
No | 9.0 (4.0) 8.9 (2.7) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.3 (2.5) | 8.0 (3.0) 7.7 (2.2) | 11.0 (4.0) 11.2 (2.8) | 7.0 (3.0) 7.8 (2.2) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | |
Grades During Last Year; Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Low | 8.0 (1.5) 8.0 (1.6) | 10.0 (2.0) 9.9 (1.7) | 10.0 (3.5) 10.0 (2.1) | 11.0 (2.0) 11.7 (2.1) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.0) |
Medium | 10.0 (4.0) 9.7 (2.6) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.7) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.1 (2.3) | 12.0 (4.0) 12.0 (3.0) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.0 (2.7) | |
High | 9.0 (4.0) 9.4 (2.5) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.8 (2.5) | 8.0 (3.0) 7.5 (1.8) | 12.0 (4.0) 12.0 (2.9) | 8.0 (3.0) 8.1 (2.2) | |
Very high | 10.0 (6.0) 9.7 (3.4) | 10.0 (4.0) 10.1 (2.6) | 7.0 (3.0) 6.9 (2.3) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.8 (3.4) | 8.0 (4.0) 7.9 (2.6) | |
p-value | 0.917 | 0.888 | <0.0001 | 0.160 | <0.0001 | |
Health State During the Last 30 days; Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Bad | 11.0 (2.5) 11.7 (1.5) | 12.0 (4.5) 11.9 (2.6) | 11.0 (5.5) 9.8 (3.4) | 15.0 (4.5) 14.0 (2.8) | 8.0 (3.0) 8.4 (1.8) |
Average | 11.0 (2.8) 10.8 (2.4) | 11.0 (3.0) 10.6 (2.5) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.4 (2.3) | 13.0 (3.0) 13.1 (2.8) | 9.0 (3.8) 9.2 (2.9) | |
Good | 9.0 (4.0) 9.0 (2.6) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.6 (2.5) | 8.0 (3.0) 7.8 (2.2) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.6 (2.9) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.1 (2.2) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.002 | <0.0001 | 0.020 | |
Physical Exercise During the Last 30 Days; Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Yes | 9.0 (4.0) 9.3 (2.7) | 10.0 (4.0) 9.7 (2.4) | 8.0 (3.5) 8.0 (2.2) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.9 (2.9) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.2 (2.3) |
No | 10.0 (4.0) 9.9 (2.7) | 11.0 (3.3) 10.6 (2.7) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.1 (2.4) | 13.0 (4.3) 12.4 (3.2) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.1 (2.9) | |
p-value | 0.115 | 0.001 | 0.019 | 0.046 | 0.596 | |
Use of Internet During the Last 30 Days; Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Yes | 10.0 (9.3) 9.5 (2.7) | 10.0 (9.5) 9.9 (2.5) | 8.0 (7.7) 8.0 (2.3) | 12.0 (11.0) 12.0 (3.0) | 8.0 (7.5) 8.4 (2.5) |
No | 12.0 (0.0) 12.0 (.) | 11.0 (0.0) 11.0 (.) | 10.0 (0.0) 10.0 (.) | 15.0 (0.0) 15.0 (0.0) | 10.0 (0.0) 10.0 (0.0) | |
p-value | 0.230 | 0.697 | 0.381 | 0.286 | 0.307 | |
Electronic Games During the Last 30 Days Median (IQR) Mean (SD) | Yes | 9.0 (5.0) 9.3 (2.8) | 9.0 (4.0) 9.5 (2.7) | 8.0 (4.0) 7.9 (2.5) | 12.0 (4.0) 11.4 (3.1) | 8.0 (4.0) 8.2 (2.5) |
No | 10.0 (3.0) 9.6 (2.5) | 11.0 (3.0) 10.4 (2.2) | 8.0 (2.5) 8.2 (1.9) | 13.0 (4.0) 12.7 (2.6) | 9.0 (3.0) 8.6 (2.5) | |
p-value | <0.0001 | <0.0001 | 0.057 | 0.217 | 0.118 | |
ESSA—Total Score | Spearman’s rho | 0.793 | 0.676 | 0.750 | 0.874 | 0.744 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ESSA—Pressure from Study | Spearman’s rho | 0.627 | 0.596 | 0.564 | 1.000 | 0.573 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | |
ESSA—Workload | Spearman’s rho | 0.420 | 1.000 | 0.324 | 0.596 | 0.339 |
p-value | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ESSA—Worry about Grades | Spearman’s rho | 0.487 | 0.339 | 0.548 | 0.573 | 1.000 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | |
ESSA—Self-expectation | Spearman’s rho | 1.000 | 0.420 | 0.526 | 0.627 | 0.487 |
p-value | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ESSA—Despondency | Spearman’s rho | 0.526 | 0.324 | 1.000 | 0.564 | 0.548 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | - | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
STAI—State | Spearman’s rho | 0.627 | 0.337 | 0.478 | 0.524 | 0.417 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
STAI—Trait | Spearman’s rho | 0.668 | 0.364 | 0.563 | 0.536 | 0.508 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
Self-esteem Scale | Spearman’s rho | −0.572 | −0.270 | −0.574 | −0.431 | −0.412 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of Home Life | Spearman’s rho | 0.503 | 0.336 | 0.579 | 0.617 | 0.473 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of School Performance | Spearman’s rho | 0.546 | 0.544 | 0.534 | 0.694 | 0.424 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of School Attendance | Spearman’s rho | 0.282 | 0.367 | 0.387 | 0.450 | 0.251 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of Romantic Relationships | Spearman’s rho | 0.232 | 0.147 | 0.392 | 0.357 | 0.271 |
p-value | <0.001 | 0.003 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of Peer Pressure | Spearman’s rho | 0.311 | 0.234 | 0.486 | 0.463 | 0.349 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of Teacher Interaction | Spearman’s rho | 0.308 | 0.284 | 0.484 | 0.447 | 0.357 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of Future Uncertainty | Spearman’s rho | 0.593 | 0.393 | 0.453 | 0.591 | 0.367 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of School/Leisure Conflict | Spearman’s rho | 0.458 | 0.430 | 0.416 | 0.584 | 0.307 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of Financial Pressure | Spearman’s rho | 0.377 | 0.270 | 0.429 | 0.481 | 0.279 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | |
ASQ—Stress of Emerging Adult Responsibility | Spearman’s rho | 0.260 | 0.261 | 0.290 | 0.381 | 0.226 |
p-value | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 | <0.001 |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Moustaka, E.; Bacopoulou, F.; Manousou, K.; Kanaka-Gantenbein, C.; Chrousos, G.P.; Darviri, C. Educational Stress among Greek Adolescents: Associations between Individual, Study and School-Related Factors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064692
Moustaka E, Bacopoulou F, Manousou K, Kanaka-Gantenbein C, Chrousos GP, Darviri C. Educational Stress among Greek Adolescents: Associations between Individual, Study and School-Related Factors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064692
Chicago/Turabian StyleMoustaka, Evangelia, Flora Bacopoulou, Kyriaki Manousou, Christina Kanaka-Gantenbein, George P. Chrousos, and Christina Darviri. 2023. "Educational Stress among Greek Adolescents: Associations between Individual, Study and School-Related Factors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4692. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064692