Gentrification and Air Quality in a Large Urban County in the United States
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Gentrification
2.2. Air Quality
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Population Characteristics
3.2. Gentrification
3.3. Racial Distribution
3.4. Air Quality vs. Gentrification
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Gentrification Characteristics | Year | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
1980 | 1990 | 2000 | 2010 | 2020 | |
Median Household Income 1-Top Quartile (Eligibility to Gentrify) | |||||
Within Detroit (≥75th percentile) | $54,590 | $46,254 | $51,604 | $37,295 | $32,533 |
Outside Detroit (≥75th percentile) | $84,720 | $87,622 | $96,252 | $85,989 | $72,357 |
Race & Ethnicity | |||||
Within Detroit | |||||
Black (%) | 60.7 | 72.0 | 77.3 | 77.6 | 72.3 |
White (%) | 34.9 | 22.9 | 15.1 | 13.1 | 16.2 |
Asian (%) | 1.1 | 1.3 | 1.7 | 2.1 | 2.8 |
Other (%) | 0.2 | 0.1 | 0.2 | 0.2 | 0.5 |
Hispanic (%) | 3.0 | 3.6 | 5.7 | 7.1 | 8.3 |
Outside Detroit | |||||
Black (%) | 4.4 | 5.8 | 8.4 | 15.0 | 17.1 |
White (%) | 99.1 | 90.4 | 86.0 | 77.0 | 72.3 |
Asian (%) | 1.1 | 1.7 | 2.5 | 3.2 | 4.0 |
Other (%) | 0.1 | 0.1 | 0.3 | 0.1 | 0.4 |
Hispanic (%) | 1.5 | 2.1 | 2.9 | 4.5 | 6.1 |
Percent College Educated or Professional Degrees 2 | |||||
Within Detroit (50–75th percentile) | 4.0 | 5.4 | 6.3 | 8.3 | 11.0 |
Within Detroit (≥75th percentile) | 8.2 | 9.6 | 10.6 | 12.3 | 18.9 |
Outside Detroit (50–75th percentile) | 7.7 | 10.0 | 12.2 | 14.2 | 14.0 |
Outside Detroit (≥75th percentile) | 12.8 | 18.3 | 24.4 | 27.9 | 26.1 |
Median Home Value 3 | |||||
Within Detroit (50–75th percentile) | $62,054 | $48,874 | $81,667 | $87,738 | $57,027 |
Within Detroit (≥75th percentile) | $81,114 | $65,049 | $116,383 | $110,845 | $83,600 |
Outside Detroit (50–75th percentile) | $150,052 | $138,474 | $199,030 | $177,227 | $118,800 |
Outside Detroit (≥75th percentile) | $195,275 | $184,088 | $260,308 | $232,374 | $215,129 |
Median Gross Rent 4 | |||||
Within Detroit (50–75th percentile) | $165 | $721 | $719 | $878 | $786 |
Within Detroit (≥75th percentile) | $275 | $859 | $820 | $982 | $906 |
Outside Detroit (50–75th percentile) | $104 | $986 | $967 | $957 | $892 |
Outside Detroit (≥75th percentile) | $262 | $1141 | $1183 | $1115 | $1041 |
Total Population Change | |||||
Within Detroit (N base, % change) | 1,317,850 | −13.53 | −9.45 | −38.54 | −43.91 |
Outside Detroit (N base, % change) | 1,148,812 | −3.96 | −1.52 | −1.69 | 2.46 |
Air Pollutants | Year | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
1980–1990 12 | 1990–2000 12 | 2000–2010 12 | 2010–2020 12 | |
Intense Gentrification (Median) 10 | ||||
CO 7 | 0.576 | 0.361 | 0.075 | 0.029 |
HAP 8 | 0.019 | −0.819 | −0.402 | 0.333 |
LEAD 6 | 0.234 | 0.026 | 0.002 | 0.016 |
NO2 5 | 7.415 | 0.561 | 9.046 | −0.411 |
NOX 9 | 3.633 | −0.298 | 5.726 | 3.660 |
Ozone 4 | −0.005 | −0.002 | −0.005 | 0.003 |
PM10 3 | −3.838 | 5.012 | 6.059 | 2.147 |
PM2.5 3 | -- | -- | 5.313 | 1.246 |
SO2 2 | −0.523 | 2.277 | 2.264 | 1.687 |
VOCs 1 | -- | 0.208 | 1.394 | −0.571 |
Gentrification (Median) 11 | ||||
CO 7 | 0.588 | 0.359 | 0.072 | 0.032 |
HAP 8 | 0.028 | −0.447 | −0.298 | 0.406 |
LEAD 6 | 0.223 | 0.027 | 0.012 | 0.017 |
NO2 5 | 6.128 | 0.939 | 9.478 | −0.622 |
NOX 9 | 4.439 | −1.130 | 6.028 | 3.527 |
Ozone 4 | −0.006 | −0.002 | −0.005 | 0.003 |
PM10 3 | −4.623 | 5.036 | 9.300 | 2.081 |
PM2.5 3 | -- | -- | 6.022 | 1.269 |
SO2 2 | 1.572 | 2.725 | 2.508 | 1.731 |
VOCs 1 | -- | 0.358 | 1.399 | −0.482 |
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Hutchings, H.; Zhang, Q.; Grady, S.; Mabe, L.; Okereke, I.C. Gentrification and Air Quality in a Large Urban County in the United States. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064762
Hutchings H, Zhang Q, Grady S, Mabe L, Okereke IC. Gentrification and Air Quality in a Large Urban County in the United States. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064762
Chicago/Turabian StyleHutchings, Hollis, Qiong Zhang, Sue Grady, Lainie Mabe, and Ikenna C. Okereke. 2023. "Gentrification and Air Quality in a Large Urban County in the United States" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4762. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064762