3.1. Existing Literature and Concept Models
Prior to the main study, the authors conducted a systematic review of the environmental and occupational health exposures and outcomes of informal street food vendors in SA [
14]. The studies in South Africa on environmental and occupational health risks and outcomes offered some evidence of the general health effects associated with the informal vendors’ industry. The findings of this review revealed the different types of street vending stalls which were in line with the recent international literature that highlights the various infrastructure issues that informal vendors encounter, such as a lack of adequate stall shelter. Informal vendors operating in the open public were indicated to be the most vulnerable to environmental hazards, particularly those operating from unprotected informal buildings or from stalls or workplaces that are not adequately weatherproofed.
The WHO’s Healthy Workplace Framework and Model (2010) avenues of influence, process, and core principles include components such as enterprise community involvement, psychological work environment, physical work environment, and personal health resources [
7]. Bhubaneshwar was one of the first cities in India to recognize street vendors as an integral part of the city. The process of conceptualizing and designing a model of the vending area began through a partnership between the city government (public), other partners, and street vendors (community). This resulted in the setting up of aesthetic fixed kiosks in legal vending areas [
19].
There have been limited models related to the health and safety of informal vendors or the informal vending trade in South Africa in recent years. A relatable study conducted by Hill et al., (2019) in the City of Cape Town, South Africa, developed a street food vendor model entailing four components: business, food and nutrition, hygiene, and vending carts [
3]. Some elements of this study model are similar to the matters that the current study aims for, which are sanitary conditions at informal vendors’ workplaces. However, the study in Cape Town was based on food safety and the economic side of the trade, as it was aimed at a sustainable model for selling healthy and safe street food in the City of Cape Town, enabling street vendors to make a decent living and consumers to make healthy choices regarding food purchasing.
3.2. Summary of the Current Status of Informal Vendor Operations
Most vendors were cooking vendors (56%). In total, 73% worked longer than the recommended 8 h per day, 90% worked 6 to 7 days per week, and the majority had been working for between 6 and 10 years (42%). A total of 37% had access to market communal taps, followed by 35% with internal stall taps, with the majority being indoor vendors, and only 31% of the vendors practiced handwashing according to the WHO standards. The neighboring businesses or locations, such as parks, who were bringing water from home accounted for 27%, and only 1% stated they purchased water for their operations. A lack of water facilities for outdoor vendors was revealed, which may result in poor hand hygiene practices. The prevalence of upper respiratory symptoms was higher as compared to other respiratory health problems. Various risk factors identified amongst informal food vendors were found statistically significant with upper respiratory symptoms (cold, sore throat, and nasal congestion). This included work location (
p < 0.001) and work duration in hours at
p < 0.001. Work duration in days revealed the cold and sore throat symptom at
p < 0.001 and nasal congestion at
p = 0.001. Work duration in years revealed the cold symptom at
p = 0.008, the sore throat symptom at
p = 0.015, and nasal congestion at
p = 0.005. The types of cooking fuel used were found at a
p < 0.001. Cooking gas (45%) was the most common cooking fuel used, followed by electricity (13%), open fire, which accounted for 11%, and 7% used a combination of fuel types or more than one type of fuel. The informal vendor training was found with a cold at
p = 0.003, sore throat (
p = 0.021), and nasal congestion (
p = 0.023). The frequency of hand hygiene practice and frequency of mask use was
p < 0.001 [
16].
The outdoor vendor market had greater concentrations of area air pollutants (PM
2.5, SO
2, NO
2, and CO
2) than the indoor market, with cooks being the most at risk. The PM exposure in comparison to meteorological conditions showed that spring and winter recorded higher exposures as compared to summer and autumn. These findings were consistent with several international studies [
20,
21,
22]. Open-fire-usage markets have higher exposure levels, which increase the possibility of respiratory, cardiovascular, and reproductive system disorders [
20,
21,
22,
23]. This study’s findings also showed that there was the usage of incorrect respiratory protective equipment (RPE) (surgical and cloth masks) for the indicated air contaminants which may be ineffective in this trade [
24]. Moreover, most vendors who received training reported only receiving it once a year. Seventy-five percent of the trained vendors came from indoor marketplaces, largely from the cooking category.
3.3. Integrating Findings into the Development of the Management Model
The results of the current study showed that the efforts to improve the health of informal workers should consider the contexts in which they work in order to develop tailored interventions for specific subpopulations of informal workers [
25]. The results of this study showed that the work environment and lack of infrastructure are associated with ill health, and the interventions in responding to the findings were integrated within the proposed model. The adoption of the results investigated interventions needed in three parts of the informal vending industry. Part A of
Figure 2 shows the risks related to the physical work environment (which includes the entire surrounding, infrastructure, and tools used by vendors), Part B looks into risks related to the individual vendor’s knowledge, attitude, and behaviour (KAP), and the impact of such behaviour on their health status. Part C investigates the vendor’s health status, which posed questions such as “is the vendor in a good health state”, “do they need further medical assistance”, and “how do we prevent further or future illnesses”. Part A (physical work environment) can directly impact Part C (personal health status), either positively or negatively; however, variables in Part B (workers’ knowledge, attitude, and practices) can have an influence on Part C (human health status). Any gaps identified in Part A, B, or C (
Figure 2) should result in control measures being implemented at the point of exposure or risk. The findings relevant to KAP, such as the usage of proper personal protective clothing or equipment (PPE) and handwashing, influence the need for training or reinforcement.
3.4. The Proposed Informal Vendors Integrating Healthy Workplace Management Model
This integrated healthy workplace management model includes five main parts which are the reviewing of informal vendor’s legislation, the restructuring of designated vending or trading sites, space allocation and occupancy, vendor’s training and skills development, and, lastly, the sustainability of vending sites and vendors’ health (
Table 1). The theme of the proposed integrated management model is to promote the three-“S” secure, safe, and sanitary trading places (
Figure 3). The general informal vendors’ model was used to create a specific informal food vendors’ directive (
Figure 4). According to the model, there is a need for intervention by all related stakeholders in the management of this trade, thus including looking into the laws and policies guiding vendors, the roles of departments in the management of vendors, and the internal and external structures of stalls. There is a need for the more sustainable management of this trade, with strong relationships between stakeholders and ongoing activities. OHS programmes should themselves be integrated into a bigger piece of work to strengthen the capacity of organizations of informal workers. Furthermore, this may increase the rate of compliance amongst vendors. The formalization of informal vendors, according to Roever (2013), may entail having a registered business and paying more taxes and fees, but it also entails exercising fundamental rights, such as the right to work and earn income without being subjected to harassment, discrimination, or degrading treatment [
26].
3.4.1. Component 1: Reviewing of Informal Vendor’s Legislation
When it comes to informal vendors, law enforcement faces difficulties. Currently, the legislative framework for informal trading includes the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa Act (Act 108 of 1996) [
27], the Business Act (Act 72 of 1991) [
28], and the Municipality’s informal trading by-laws and policy. The vendor’s policies and legislation demand political commitment, a bottom-up approach, and other relevant entities’ involvement such as the DOH, and furthermore, the need for strengthening legislation implementation. Bénit-Gbaffou (2015) reported that the current challenge is that frameworks for street trading are created on a national level but fail to address local problems, such as their dual and frequently incompatible mandates to manage congested streets and encourage economic development and alleviate poverty [
5]. Moreover, progressive ideas and policies apply to national policy frameworks, but they rarely address local issues and implementation obstacles in detail [
5]. Currently, the legislation of informal vendors is fragmented. In terms of transparency and consistency, there can be a general policy that outlines all standards for informal food premises and the regulation of this industry that every local government can adopt. Perhaps the best course of action would be to also pass a law that specifically addresses informal or street trading. India took a different path than many countries by enacting the Street Vendors Act (Protecting Livelihoods and Regulations on Street Vendors) in 2014 [
29]. This Act was enacted to regulate the activities of street vendors in public places and protect their rights [
29].
In terms of food vendors, the integration will be required within the Regulations governing general hygienic requirements for food premises, transportation, and related matters (R638) [
11]. R638, which is largely enforced by Environmental Health Practitioners (EHPs), applies to places where food is handled. According to regulation R638 [
11], a food premise is “a building, structure, stall, or other similar structure, including a caravan, vehicle, stand, or place used for or in connection with the handling of food.” The definition of food premises in Regulations R638 does include informal vendors, but further reading reveals more details about what this type of premise should structurally look like and what type of facilities it should contain in order to be compliant with the regulation. Regulations 5, 6, 7, and 8 of R638 [
11] which focus on the facility, internal structure, cooking storage, food handling equipment, and utensils do not clearly cater to most of the current types of informal food trading stalls that vendors occupy. The context in which most informal food vendors operate is unrelated to the provisions of the regulation, which may prevent them from qualifying for the Certificate of Acceptance (CoA) under Regulations 3(1) of the R638 [
11]. As a result, applying R638 to this industry would be hampered or complicated. This is a gap or grey area that should be addressed by the law or policymakers.
This separation or minimization from the formal premises’ requirements could include providing the provision of the best available method to an informal vendor in order to avoid different municipalities or law enforcement officers interpreting how they deal with this group.
3.4.2. Component 2: Restructuring of Designated Vending or Trading Sites
Most trading places are currently not conducive workplaces. Formalization requires having a secure vending site in a favourable position in the city [
26]. The management model illustrated in
Figure 1 is used to clean up the current trading locations and distinguish between conducive and non-conducive ones. Securing vending sites including detailed mapping of the current makers or locations is crucial because often, official planning processes do not show what is happening informally; thus, there is no documented information on the scale and size of vending activities. The mapping should consider the following: numbers of vendors at different times; types of goods sold; location of facilities, e.g., toilets and taps. This mapping might solve the current security and health and safety issues as per this study’s findings. Followed by identifying new market locations, in exceptional cases, it may not be possible to accommodate street vendors on-street, and off-street provision may be the only alternative. However, it must be considered that location is a crucial determinant of a street vendor’s income, and a move of a few meters can drastically reduce their daily earnings. Examples of places that can form part of new vending sites are the rehabilitation of decayed buildings and nearby landmarks such as taxi ranks and malls, which can be designed in a way that will attract the public. Any rearrangement of space should accommodate all existing vendors; otherwise, those excluded will suffer increased hardship and poverty.
Proper trading market and stall designs will assist in compliance with the by-laws of local government and national legislations, and the expertise of town planning, building control, EHPs, and fire and safety departments are required. Vendors need shade and shelter to protect them and their goods from sun, rain, and dust. The presence of designated sites and the separation of vendors trading stalls by type of services should be achieved. To avoid cross-contamination, the separation of vendor services such as informal hairdressers from food vendors will be vital.
Moreover, this grouping allows for the provision of common facilities and basic services (potable water and electric supplies, storage facilities, central waste storage and collection services, wastewater drainage systems, ablution facilities, vehicle parks, etc.). The processed food stalls shall be designed differently from the unprocessed foodstuff stalls. For cooking food vendors, the provision of extra infrastructure for food vendors thus includes a stainless-steel preparation area, a hand wash basin, wash-up sinks, electricity for cooking equipment, and an extractor fan for cooking vendors (
Figure 3 and
Figure 4). To ensure the non-interference of street walks, stalls or markets are to be designed in a way that leaves spaces for side walking and parking areas. This will avoid the blocking of pavements and parking spaces and causing congestion for other road users.
3.4.3. Component 3: Space Allocation and Occupancy
Application initiation by the vendor: there is a need to strengthen technical support in the local government in the management of informal trade. The use of e-services (electronic services) should be an important factor in managing informal trade as an alternative or additional channel to the current form, depending on the organization’s capacity. This method of information and communication management makes the process transparent, easier, and manageable. The e-service, provided through an app and USSD (Unstructured Supplementary Service Data), is one of the most reliable communication technologies available to provide to low-income individuals or those without smartphones. This service should reflect the newly mapped vending sites or markets. The potential vendors should be able to see how many stalls are occupied at that designated market and the available trading stalls. The application should include the detailed nature of the trade or the type of service they will be rendered to achieve the separation of food vendors from services, such as hairdressing services. For street or outdoor trading, the application should be sent to the street by-laws department or applied for in person with the stall address and stall number, and they should be issued with any certification or proof of application before the other certification of other departments. If vendors are planning on selling or hawking food, then they will need to apply for a hawking business trading license as well as a certificate of acceptability. However, to ensure better compliance, skills development such as training for food vendors should be conducted with proof of training filed prior to getting the final trading permit. The permit should be able to be found online using the identification number and permit number, showing the full names of the vendor, the address of the stall, and the type of service rendered. the institution should be able to electronically produce the current database of the registered vendors at any time of need.
3.4.4. Component 4: Vendors’ Skills Development
In various local government by-laws, it is outlined that a workshop covering every aspect of street trading in detail must be attended by those who have been given a trading opportunity within six months of receiving the authorization to trade [
6]. Most vendors’ low level of education makes training difficult. As a result, training industry personnel and street food vendors must take very different approaches. To achieve this, training materials addressing simple messages must be developed and implemented for the latter group. Furthermore, the training can be in their mother tongue so that they can comprehend the training content. The study’s findings demonstrate the need for and importance of repeated and measurable training programs. Examples of training needed as per the study’s findings include proper handwashing practice, the wearing of protective clothing, knowledge of air pollution, and other work-related risk factors and their impact on health. All health-related campaigns should target groups, such as informal vendors, in a way that addresses both preventative and curative measures at the same time.
The health and safety promotion campaigns should be continuous, and proper monitoring of the impact of the campaigns should be implemented. The education should also include the impact of cooking exposures, ambient air pollution, and the impact of general hygiene on health. Food handlers should receive training in safe food preparation and handling techniques, occupational hazards, as well as excellent hygiene habits. It is a crucial part of any strategy to improve the food quality and the safety of street vendors, to the extent that is practical under local street vending conditions. This should ideally be conducted concurrently with licensing, but periodic education and training sessions are strongly recommended. Appropriate authorities may develop food handler training programs and materials based on the concepts presented in this text and other publications and tailored to local foods, conditions, and practices. Health promotion and disease prevention programs should empower individuals to make healthier choices and reduce their risk of disease and disability.
3.4.5. Component 5: Sustainability of Vending Sites and Vendor’s Health
In the continuous monitoring and additional services provision: The current study showed that there is an impact on the usage of dirty cooking fuels and the health of vendors. Masuku and Nzewi (2021) stated that we keep in mind that informal food enterprises occasionally use traditional sources of energy, such as wood and charcoal, not because they lack access to electricity, but rather because of the type of product they are preparing [
30]. The lack of access to modern and efficient energy sources has a negative impact on the user’s health, and using wood and charcoal can cause respiratory diseases, moreover, there is a safety aspect of the usage of an open fire, as various markets have burnt over the years, hence the need for the monitoring and empowerment of vendors. Health professionals can conduct OHS education without the use of expensive equipment, making it highly possible to increase in implementation. The DOH and health-related non-governmental organizations should stop working in silos and start working together.
Environmental management and OHS services: Market occupational health risk assessment should be implemented as an ongoing program. There is a need to rank street vending operations according to risk, such as identifying the critical practices of specific street vending operations and assisting in the risk classification of operations. Ambient air pollution was reported as a risk factor in various street vendor studies, with most sources of exposure being vehicle emissions; vehicle exhaust testing and law enforcement in traffic-congested places, such as urban areas, will contribute to the improvement of air quality. Vehicle emission tests can be performed regularly.
Environmental health: The environmental health sampling programs should include food and water and swap sampling at informal vendor premises for the continuous analysis of the conditions and to monitor improvements.
Primary health care: The primary health care directorate should investigate the provision of mobile clinic services closer to trading markets, or provide scheduled drive campaigns to improve the health status of informal vendors and prolong life. This can include programs such as general check-ups, respiratory health care assessments, detecting health issues as early as possible, and responding appropriately to avoid the increasing prevalence of respiratory diseases associated with being a street vendor. Furthermore, because women dominate this industry and have been identified as being affected, it is suggested that special attention be paid to them, particularly in regard to working as a vendor during pregnancy and exposure to such pollutants and their impact on the health of the woman and the unborn child. The vendors should also be educated on the importance of being vigilant in monitoring personal health symptoms and contacting their employers or managers if they begin to feel ill. These programs will be improved with local primary health service facilities that record patients’ job types on files or welcome registers, which can later be used to find factors contributing to illnesses in the country such as the type of occupation.
Management model performance audits: There should be a directorate within the government that will manage the system and interaction between the various departments. With that, a clear development of key performance areas for the improvement of this trade should be outlined. Furthermore, this directorate should use the communicated reports of activities conducted and map out the performance of the model.