Living Conditions and the Incidence and Risk of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Multifactorial Study
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- -
- Fear of Falling Test: instrument to assess the prevalence of fear of falling. [15,16,17]. To measure this phenomenon, the question “Are you afraid of falling?” with ordinal response: nothing, a little, moderate, and a lot of fear. Additionally, we used the question “Have you limited your activities for fear of falling?” with yes/no answer. Additionally, the Short FES-I scale was also carried out, with seven items, whose score ranges from 7 to 28 points, the higher the score, the greater the concern related to falls.
- -
- Tinetti Test: instrument to assess gait and balance [18]. The maximum score that can be obtained is 28 points. There is a high risk of falling when the score is <19, moderate risk: 19–24 points and low risk: >24 points.
- -
- SPPB Test: instrument to assess the frailty of the person. (It was not used in any calculation due to the inability to differentiate the people studied; all were shown as frail people) [19]. The total score ranges from 0 to 12. Depending on the result obtained in the test, the elderly can be classified as a non-fragile autonomous person if the score is ≥10 points, and a frail person with <10 points.
- -
- -
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Exclusion Criteria | Inclusion Criteria |
---|---|
Being bedridden due to illness in the last three months | Both genders |
Being terminally ill | Ages equal to or greater than 75 years |
Have a diagnosis of severe cognitive impairment | Residents in the metropolitan district of Salamanca |
Being institutionalized | Attached to the Public Health System |
Being displaced within less than three months in the Basic Health Zone. | Agreed to participate |
Failure to sign the informed consent to participate in the study |
SOCIO- DEMOGRAPHICS | f | % | |
---|---|---|---|
GENDER | MALE | 170 | 41.0 |
FEMALE | 245 | 59.0 | |
MARITAL STATUS | SINGLE | 24 | 5.7 |
MARRIED | 262 | 63.1 | |
WIDOWED | 129 | 31.1 | |
PROFESSION | WORKER | 310 | 74.7 |
HOUSEKEEPER | 105 | 25.3 | |
RESIDENCE | URBAN | 409 | 98.6 |
RURAL | 6 | 1.4 | |
DWELLING | FLAT | 407 | 98.1 |
HOUSE | 8 | 1.9 | |
SUPPORT | NO | 207 | 49.9 |
YES | 208 | 50.1 | |
AGE, HEIGHT, BMI | X | SD | |
AGE | 82.63 | 5.28 | |
HEIGHT | 1.57 | 0.09 | |
BMI | 27.82 | 4.49 |
CHRONIC DISEASES | f | % | |
---|---|---|---|
DIGESTIVE SYSTEM | YES | 312 | 75.2 |
NO | 103 | 24.8 | |
EYES AND ATTACHMENTS | YES | 270 | 65.1 |
NO | 145 | 34.9 | |
CIRCULATORY SYSTEM | YES | 391 | 94.2 |
NO | 24 | 5.8 | |
MSCULOSKELETAL SYSTEM | YES | 389 | 93.7 |
NO | 26 | 6.3 | |
PSYCHOLOGICAL DISORDERS | YES | 208 | 501 |
NO | 207 | 49.9 | |
RESPIRATORY SYSTEM | YES | 327 | 78.8 |
NO | 88 | 21.2 | |
EPITHELIAL APPARATUS | YES | 312 | 75.2 |
NO | 103 | 24.8 | |
ENDOCRINE SYSTEM, METABOLISM | YES | 358 | 86.3 |
NO | 57 | 13.7 | |
URINARY TRACT | YES | 253 | 61.0 |
NO | 162 | 39.0 | |
MEDICATION | f | % | |
MEDICATION FOR THE ALIMENTARY TRACT | YES | 311 | 74.9 |
NO | 104 | 25.1 | |
MEDICATION FOR THE CV SYSTEM | YES | 364 | 87.7 |
NO | 51 | 12.3 | |
MEDICATION FOR THE NERVOUS SYSTEM | YES | 343 | 82.7 |
NO | 72 | 17.3 |
Variables | Have Had Falls | X2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Gender | ||||
Male | 115 | 54 | 20.86 | <0.001 |
Female | 111 | 134 | ||
Support | ||||
No support | 128 | 78 | 9.42 | 0.002 |
Yes support | 98 | 110 |
Variables | M | SD | Est. | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Height | ||||
No falls | 1.58 | 0.094 | 2.07 1 | 0.038 |
Yes falls | 1.56 | 0.083 | ||
Age | ||||
No falls | 81.96 | 5.40 | 17277.50 2 | 0.001 |
Yes falls | 83.46 | 5.02 |
Variables | Have Had Falls | X2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Chronic Disease: Nervous System | ||||
No | 142 | 84 | 7.46 | 0.006 |
Yes | 93 | 95 | ||
Chronic disease: psychological | ||||
No | 123 | 103 | 4.33 | 0.037 |
Yes | 83 | 105 | ||
Female genital tract and breasts | ||||
No | 202 | 24 | 11.35 | 0.001 |
Yes | 145 | 43 | ||
Male genital tract and breasts | ||||
No | 155 | 71 | 10.48 | 0.001 |
Yes | 155 | 33 |
Variables | Have Had Falls | X2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Medication for Nervous System | ||||
No | 46 | 180 | 3.60 | NS |
Yes | 25 | 163 | ||
Medication for Respiratory System | ||||
No | 188 | 38 | 7.09 | 0.008 |
Yes | 136 | 52 |
Variables | Have Had Falls | X2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Intesity Fear of Falling | ||||
Nothing | 33 | 3 | 197.63 | <0.001 |
Low | 174 | 44 | ||
Moderate | 17 | 74 | ||
High | 2 | 67 |
Variables | Have Had Falls | X2 | p | |
---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||
Fear of Falling Test | ||||
No | 142 | 84 | 114.74 | <0.001 |
Yes | 21 | 167 | ||
Tinetti Test | ||||
Moderate risk (19–24 points) | 114 | 61 | 13.32 | |
Severe risk (until 19 points) | 113 | 127 | <0.001 | |
Barthel Test | ||||
Independent (100 points) | 32 | 19 | ||
Light dependent (≥60 points) | 189 | 154 | ||
Moderate dependent (40–55 points) | 5 | 13 | 9.03 | 0.029 |
Severe dependent (20–35 points) | 0 | 2 | ||
Downton Test | ||||
No risk of falls (<3 points) | 41 | 185 | ||
With risk of falls (≥3 points) | 6 | 182 | 22.79 | <0.001 |
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Escosura Alegre, I.; Fernández Rodríguez, E.J.; Sánchez Gómez, C.; García Martín, A.; Rihuete Galve, M.I. Living Conditions and the Incidence and Risk of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Multifactorial Study. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064921
Escosura Alegre I, Fernández Rodríguez EJ, Sánchez Gómez C, García Martín A, Rihuete Galve MI. Living Conditions and the Incidence and Risk of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Multifactorial Study. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064921
Chicago/Turabian StyleEscosura Alegre, Irene, Eduardo José Fernández Rodríguez, Celia Sánchez Gómez, Alberto García Martín, and María Isabel Rihuete Galve. 2023. "Living Conditions and the Incidence and Risk of Falls in Community-Dwelling Older Adults: A Multifactorial Study" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4921. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064921