Błażek Ambivalent Parental Communication Questionnaire (BAPCQ)
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Aims of the Study
2.2. Ethics
2.3. Participants
2.4. Questionnaire Development
2.5. Validation Methods
2.6. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Confirmatory Factor Analysis
3.2. Internal Reliability
3.3. Validity of the BAPCQ
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
- Koerner, A.F.; Fitzpatrick, M.A. Chapter 2: Understanding Family Communication Patterns and Family Functioning: The Roles of Conversation Orientation and Conformity Orientation. Commun. Yearb. 2002, 26, 36–68. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, F.A. Family Resilience Framework: Innovative Practice Applications. Fam. Relat. 2002, 51, 130–137. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Walsh, F. Strengthening Family Resilience; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2006. [Google Scholar]
- Janicka, I.; Wnuk, A. Communication of partners in intercultural marriages. Kwart. Nauk. Fides Et Ratio 2021, 46, 142–172. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Więsyk, S.; Lachowska, B. Współpraca rodzicielska: Komunikacja pomiędzy rodzicami. Kwart. Nauk. Fides Et Ratio 2020, 42, 114–123. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, F. Community-Based Practice Applications of a Family Resilience Framework. In Handbook of Family Resilience; Becvar, D.S., Ed.; Springer Science + Business Media: New York, NY, USA, 2013; pp. 65–82. [Google Scholar]
- Walsh, F. Clinical Views of Family Normality, Health, and Dysfunction. In Normal Family Processes: Growing Diversity and Complexity; Walsh, F., Ed.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, USA, 2012; pp. 28–54. [Google Scholar]
- Boss, P. The Context and Process of Theory Development: The Story of Ambiguous Loss: Theory Development: The Story of Ambiguous Loss. J. Fam. Theory Rev. 2016, 8, 269–286. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Black, K.; Lobo, M. A Conceptual Review of Family Resilience Factors. J. Fam. Nurs. 2008, 14, 33–55. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Błażek, M. Parental attitudes and parentification of children in families with limited parental care competencies. Pol. J. Appl. Psychol. 2016, 14, 93–108. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boss, P. Ambiguous Loss Theory: Challenges for Scholars and Practitioners. Fam. Relations 2007, 56, 105–111. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Freed, R.D.; Rubenstein, L.M.; Daryanani, I.; Olino, T.M.; Alloy, L.B. The Relationship Between Family Functioning and Adolescent Depressive Symptoms: The Role of Emotional Clarity. J. Youth Adolesc. 2016, 45, 505–519. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- King, L.A.; Emmons, R.A. Conflict over emotional expression: Psychological and physical correlates. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1990, 58, 864–877. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, F. Spiritual Diversity: Multifaith Perspectives in Family Therapy. Fam. Process. 2010, 49, 330–348. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boss, P. The Trauma and Complicated Grief of Ambiguous Loss. Pastor. Psychol. 2009, 59, 137–145. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, F. Family resilience: A Dynamic Systemic Framework. In Multisystemic Resilience: Adaptation and Transformation in Contexts of Change; Ungar, M., Ed.; Oxford University Press: New York, NY, USA, 2021; pp. 255–270. [Google Scholar]
- McGoldrick, M.; Shibusawa, T. The Family Life Cycle. In Normal Family Processes: Growing Diversity and Complexity; Walsh, F., Ed.; Guilford Press: New York, NY, 2012; pp. 375–398. [Google Scholar]
- Morris, A.S.; Silk, J.S.; Steinberg, L.; Myers, S.S.; Robinson, L.R. The Role of the Family Context in the Development of Emotion Regulation. Soc. Dev. 2007, 16, 361–388. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed] [Green Version]
- Petruccelli, K.; Davis, J.; Berman, T. Adverse childhood experiences and associated health outcomes: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Child Abus. Negl. 2019, 97, 104127. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Scharp, K.M. Thematic Co-occurrence Analysis: Advancing a Theory and Qualitative Method to Illuminate Ambivalent Experiences. J. Commun. 2021, 71, 545–571. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nelson, L.R.; Colaner, C.W. Fostering “Family”: Communication Orientations in the Foster Parent-Child Relationship. West. J. Commun. 2020, 84, 476–498. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, F.W. Breaching of family generation boundaries by schizophrenics, disturbed, and normals. Contemp. Fam. Ther. 1979, 1, 254–275. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Walsh, F. Strengthening Family Resilience, 3rd ed.; Guilford Publications: New York, NY, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Jiménez, T.I.; Estévez, E.; Velilla, C.M.; Martín-Albo, J.; Martínez, M.L. Family Communication and Verbal Child-to-Parent Violence among Adolescents: The Mediating Role of Perceived Stress. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2019, 16, 4538. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [Green Version]
- Maurović, I.; Liebenberg, L.; Ferić, M. A Review of Family Resilience: Understanding the Concept and Operationalization Challenges to Inform Research and Practice. Child Care Pr. 2020, 26, 337–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Boss, P. The Myth of Closure: Ambiguous Loss in a Time of Pandemic and Change; W.W. Norton & Company: New York, NY, USA, 2022. [Google Scholar]
- Boss, P.E.; Bryant, C.M.; Mancini, J.A. Family Stress Management: A Contextual Approach; SAGE Publications: Thousand Oaks, CA, USA, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Bateson, G. Steps to an Ecology of Mind; Ballantine Books: New York, NY, USA, 1983. [Google Scholar]
- Boss, P. Ambiguous Loss: Learning to Live with Unresolved Grief; Harvard University Press: London, UK, 2009. [Google Scholar]
- Guddemi, P. Bateson, Relationship, and the Biologists. In Gregory Bateson on Relational Communication: From Octopuses to Nations. Biosemiotics vol 20; Springer: Berlin/Heidelberg, Germany, 2020; pp. 9–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Westland, G. Verbal and Non-Verbal Communication in Psychotherapy; WW Norton: New York, NY, USA, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Błażek, M. Funkcjonowanie psychologiczne rozwodzących się rodziców a ich postawy rodzicielskie [Psychological functioning of divorcing parents and their parental attitudes]. Pol. Forum Psychol. 2015, 20, 342–357. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Błażek, M.; Lewandowska-Walter, A. Rozwód Jako Proces: Perspektywa Dorosłych i Dzieci [Psychological Functioning of Divorcing Parents and Their Parental Attitudes]; Difin: Warszawa, Poland, 2017. [Google Scholar]
- Sixbey, M.T. Development of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale to Identify Family Resilience Constructs. Ph.D. Thesis, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA, 2005. [Google Scholar]
- Margasiński, A. Skale Oceny Rodziny (SOR). In Podręcznik [Family Assessment Scales (SOR). Coursebook]; Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego: Warszawa, Poland, 2013. [Google Scholar]
- Plopa, M. Kwestionariusz Komunikacji Małżeńskiej. In Podręcznik [Marriage Communication Questionnaire. Coursebook]; Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego: Warszawa, Poland, 2008. [Google Scholar]
- Plopa, M.; Połomski, P. Kwestionariusz Relacji Rodzinnych. Podręcznik [Family Relations Questionnaire. Coursebook]; Pracownia Testów Psychologicznych Polskiego Towarzystwa Psychologicznego: Warszawa, Poland, 2010. [Google Scholar]
- Halberstadt, A.G. Family socialization of emotional expression and nonverbal communication styles and skills. J. Pers. Soc. Psychol. 1986, 51, 827–836. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Carvalhal, T.; Nazaré, B. Communication Patterns Questionnaire-Short Form; European Portuguese Version. PsycTESTS Dataset 2021. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Becvar, D.S. The impact on the family therapist of a focus on death, dying, and bereavement. J. Marital. Fam. Ther. 2003, 29, 469–477. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Csikszentmihalyi, M.; Rathunde, K.; Whalen, S. Talented Teenagers: The Roots of Success and Failure; Cambridge University Press (Virtual Publishing): Cambridge, UK, 2021. [Google Scholar]
- Olson, D. FACES IV and the Circumplex Model: Validation Study. J. Marital. Fam. Ther. 2011, 37, 64–80. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nadrowska, N.; Błażek, M.; Lewandowska-Walter, A. Polish adaptation of the Family Resilience Assessment Scale (FRAS). Community Ment. Health J. 2020, 57, 153–160. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Nadrowska, N.; Błażek, M.; Lewandowska-Walter, A.; Błażek, W.; Zdun-Ryżewska, A. Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire—Polish Adaptation (WFRQ-PL). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public. Health 2022, 19, 4197. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- McGoldrick, M.; Garcia-Preto, N.A.; Carter, B.A. The Expanding Family Life Cycle: Individual, Family, and Social Perspectives, 5th ed.; Pearson: London, UK, 2015. [Google Scholar]
- Satir, V. The Therapist Story. J. Psychother. Fam. 1987, 3, 17–25. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef]
- Narayan, A.J.; Lieberman, A.F.; Masten, A.S. Intergenerational transmission and prevention of adverse childhood experiences (ACEs). Clin. Psychol. Rev. 2021, 85, 101997. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
- Felitti, V.J.; Anda, R.F.; Nordenberg, D.; Williamson, D.F.; Spitz, A.M.; Edwards, V.; Koss, M.P.; Marks, J.S. Relationship of Childhood Abuse and Household Dysfunction to Many of the Leading Causes of Death in Adults. Am. J. Prev. Med. 1998, 14, 245–258. [Google Scholar] [CrossRef] [PubMed]
Questionnaire | Authors | Communication Scales |
---|---|---|
Family Resiliency Assessment Questionnaire | Sixbey, M. T. | Family Communication and Problem Solving |
Walsh Family Resilience Questionnaire | Walsh, F. | Overarching scale: Communication and Problem-solving Processes Communication subscales: Clear, consistent messages Open Emotional Expression Collaborative Problem-solving |
Family Assessment Scales | Margasiński, A. | Communication scale |
Marriage Communication Questionnaire | Plopa, M. | Overarching scale: Assessment of the wife’s/partner’s behavior Assessment of husband’s/partner’s behavior Assessment of the wife’s/partner’s own behavior Assessment of the husband’s/partner’s own behavior Communication subscales: Support Commitment Depreciation |
Family Relations Questionnaire | Plopa, M.; Połomski, P. | Overarching scale: My family My parents as a married couple My mother My father Me in my mother’s eyes—what my mother thinks of me Me in my father’s eyes—what my father thinks of me Communication subscales: Communication scale |
Ambivalence over Emotional Expression Questionnaire | King, L. A.; Emmons, R. A. | Expressiveness, Social desirability, Intense ambivalence |
Family Expressiveness Questionnaire | Halberstadt, A. G. | Affect dimension Power dimension (positive dominant, positive non-dominant, negative dominant, negative non-dominant) |
Communication patterns questionnaire | Carvalhal, T.; Nazaré, B. | Positive Symmetrical Pattern, Negative Alternate Pattern, Negative Complementary Pattern. |
Gender, % (n) | |
Female | 79.0 (319) |
Male | 21.0 (85) |
Age, M ± SD | 24.83 ± 7.87 |
Range of age | 18–61 |
18–35, % (n) | 90.6% (366) |
35–63, % (n) | 9.4% (38) |
Level of education, % (n) | |
Primary | 1.0 (4) |
Vocational | 1.7 (7) |
Secondary | 69.1 (279) |
Higher | 28.2 (114) |
Place of residence, % (n) | |
The country | 12.9 (52) |
City up to 100,000 residents | 16.1 (65) |
City from 100,000 up to 500,000 residents | 22.8 (92) |
City over 500,000 residents | 48.3 (195) |
Model | χ2 /df | RMSEA | CFI | TLI | SRMR |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Communication with mother | |||||
with 62 items | 2.12 | 0.05 | 0.97 | 0.97 | 0.07 |
with 54 items | 1.57 | 0.03 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.06 |
with 52 items | 1.58 | 0.03 | 0.99 | 0.99 | 0.06 |
Communication with father | |||||
with 62 items | 2.9 | 0.06 | 0.96 | 0.96 | 0.09 |
with 55 items | 2.43 | 0.06 | 0.98 | 0.97 | 0.08 |
with 52 items | 2.34 | 0.05 | 0.98 | 0.98 | 0.07 |
Communication with Mother | Communication with Father | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Item | Estimate | Std. Estimate | p | Estimate | Std. Estimate | p |
Statement-action consistency scale | ||||||
1. | 1.000 | 0.661 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.727 | 0.000 |
3. | 1.328 | 0.792 | 0.000 | 1.142 | 0.790 | 0.000 |
6. | 1.167 | 0.748 | 0.000 | 1.056 | 0.779 | 0.000 |
8. | 1.262 | 0.723 | 0.000 | 1.131 | 0.794 | 0.000 |
10. | 1.102 | 0.703 | 0.000 | 1.004 | 0.716 | 0.000 |
12. | 1.404 | 0.795 | 0.000 | 1.136 | 0.780 | 0.000 |
15. | 0.722 | 0.507 | 0.000 | 0.718 | 0.587 | 0.000 |
17. | 1.181 | 0.639 | 0.000 | 0.920 | 0.664 | 0.000 |
20. | 1.286 | 0.773 | 0.000 | 1.138 | 0.821 | 0.000 |
22. | 1.273 | 0.716 | 0.000 | 1.094 | 0.783 | 0.000 |
25. | 1.430 | 0.860 | 0.000 | 1.275 | 0.856 | 0.000 |
27. | 1.380 | 0.810 | 0.000 | 1.215 | 0.849 | 0.000 |
30. | 1.446 | 0.852 | 0.000 | 1.290 | 0.868 | 0.000 |
32. | 1.517 | 0.874 | 0.000 | 1.156 | 0.827 | 0.000 |
35. | 1.415 | 0.852 | 0.000 | 1.300 | 0.886 | 0.000 |
37. | 1.353 | 0.740 | 0.000 | 1.090 | 0.763 | 0.000 |
40. | 1.412 | 0.824 | 0.000 | 1.176 | 0.818 | 0.000 |
42. | 1.413 | 0.755 | 0.000 | 1.091 | 0.760 | 0.000 |
45. | 0.895 | 0.627 | 0.000 | 0.976 | 0.750 | 0.000 |
47. | 1.391 | 0.827 | 0.000 | 1.223 | 0.858 | 0.000 |
49. | 1.199 | 0.697 | 0.000 | 0.981 | 0.720 | 0.000 |
51. | 1.431 | 0.810 | 0.000 | 1.148 | 0.856 | 0.000 |
54. | 0.883 | 0.579 | 0.000 | 0.947 | 0.723 | 0.000 |
56. | 0.987 | 0.583 | 0.000 | 0.832 | 0.651 | 0.000 |
57. | 0.504 | 0.294 | 0.000 | 0.514 | 0.403 | 0.000 |
58. | 1.358 | 0.751 | 0.000 | 1.184 | 0.810 | 0.000 |
60. | 1.331 | 0.789 | 0.000 | 1.212 | 0.846 | 0.000 |
Verbal-non-verbal consistency scale | ||||||
2. | 1.000 | 0.310 | 0.000 | 1.000 | 0.351 | 0.000 |
4. | 1.878 | 0.347 | 0.000 | 1.191 | 0.365 | 0.000 |
5. | 2.856 | 0.574 | 0.000 | 2.015 | 0.618 | 0.000 |
7. | 1.584 | 0.367 | 0.000 | 1.220 | 0.415 | 0.000 |
9. | 1.798 | 0.428 | 0.000 | 1.350 | 0.497 | 0.000 |
11. | 3.258 | 0.631 | 0.000 | 1.591 | 0.497 | 0.000 |
13. | 1.270 | 0.329 | 0.000 | 1.319 | 0.424 | 0.000 |
14. | 2.596 | 0.487 | 0.000 | 1.703 | 0.539 | 0.000 |
16. | 1.405 | 0.367 | 0.000 | 1.251 | 0.411 | 0.000 |
18. | 1.916 | 0.360 | 0.000 | 0.677 | 0.206 | 0.001 |
19. | 4.081 | 0.674 | 0.000 | 2.483 | 0.681 | 0.000 |
21. | 3.431 | 0.686 | 0.000 | 2.244 | 0.694 | 0.000 |
23. | 2.476 | 0.559 | 0.000 | 2.099 | 0.686 | 0.000 |
24. | 2.433 | 0.483 | 0.000 | 1.665 | 0.541 | 0.000 |
26. | 3.625 | 0.781 | 0.000 | 2.663 | 0.801 | 0.000 |
28. | 3.405 | 0.750 | 0.000 | 2.564 | 0.823 | 0.000 |
29. | 4.410 | 0.782 | 0.000 | 2.507 | 0.745 | 0.000 |
31. | 2.875 | 0.524 | 0.000 | 1.705 | 0.513 | 0.000 |
33. | 0.924 | 0.230 | 0.000 | 1.097 | 0.429 | 0.000 |
34. | 3.588 | 0.678 | 0.000 | 1.887 | 0.605 | 0.000 |
36. | 3.088 | 0.637 | 0.000 | 1.786 | 0.569 | 0.000 |
38. | 1.871 | 0.352 | 0.000 | 0.727 | 0.212 | 0.004 |
39. | 3.717 | 0.625 | 0.000 | 2.024 | 0.576 | 0.000 |
41. | 0.668 | 0.176 | 0.000 | 0.324 | 0.120 | 0.023 |
43. | 2.627 | 0.567 | 0.000 | 1.774 | 0.571 | 0.000 |
44. | 3.596 | 0.720 | 0.000 | 1.907 | 0.615 | 0.000 |
46. | 0.410 | 0.082 | 0.141 | 0.081 | 0.026 | 0.646 |
48. | 0.741 | 0.132 | 0.036 | 0.617 | 0.187 | 0.005 |
50. | 0.040 | 0.008 | 0.878 | 0.047 | 0.015 | 0.795 |
52. | 0.833 | 0.201 | 0.001 | 0.923 | 0.332 | 0.000 |
53. | 2.390 | 0.419 | 0.000 | 1.275 | 0.375 | 0.000 |
55. | 1.645 | 0.344 | 0.000 | 1.041 | 0.342 | 0.000 |
59. | 0.599 | 0.128 | 0.016 | 0.248 | 0.086 | 0.101 |
61. | 4.272 | 0.833 | 0.000 | 2.695 | 0.827 | 0.000 |
62. | 4.198 | 0.747 | 0.000 | 2.368 | 0.683 | 0.000 |
Scales | α |
---|---|
Communication with mother | |
Statement-action consistency | 0.97 |
Verbal-non-verbal consistency | 0.93 |
Communication with father | |
Statement-action consistency | 0.98 |
Verbal-non-verbal consistency | 0.93 |
Scales of BAPCQ | FCPS | CP | FC |
---|---|---|---|
Communication with mother | |||
Statement-action consistency | 0.305 *** | 0.255 *** | 0.591 *** |
Verbal-non-verbal consistency | 0.354 *** | 0.326 *** | 0.715 *** |
Communication with father | |||
Statement-action consistency | 0.278 *** | 0.190 ** | 0.370 ** |
Verbal-non-verbal consistency | 0.279 *** | 0.207 ** | 0.460 *** |
Disclaimer/Publisher’s Note: The statements, opinions and data contained in all publications are solely those of the individual author(s) and contributor(s) and not of MDPI and/or the editor(s). MDPI and/or the editor(s) disclaim responsibility for any injury to people or property resulting from any ideas, methods, instructions or products referred to in the content. |
© 2023 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Błażek, M.; Nadrowska, N. Błażek Ambivalent Parental Communication Questionnaire (BAPCQ). Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064987
Błażek M, Nadrowska N. Błażek Ambivalent Parental Communication Questionnaire (BAPCQ). International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064987
Chicago/Turabian StyleBłażek, Magdalena, and Natalia Nadrowska. 2023. "Błażek Ambivalent Parental Communication Questionnaire (BAPCQ)" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4987. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064987