Can Stringent Government Initiatives Lead to Global Economic Recovery Rapidly during the COVID-19 Epidemic?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Literature Review
3. Data and Methods
3.1. Government Response Stringency Index (GRSI)
3.2. Variables
3.3. Models
4. Results
4.1. GRSI, Google Mobility, and the Number of Confirmed Diagnoses
4.2. Impact of Government Strictness on Economic Growth
4.3. Robustness Tests
5. Discussion
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
Appendix B
Variables | (1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | (7) | (8) | (9) | (10) | (11) | (12) | (13) | (14) |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
(1) Confirmed | 1.000 | |||||||||||||
(2) Residential | 0.084 | 1.000 | ||||||||||||
(3) Retail | −0.119 | −0.755 | 1.000 | |||||||||||
(4) Grocery | 0.082 | −0.667 | 0.810 | 1.000 | ||||||||||
(5) Parks | −0.031 | −0.508 | 0.625 | 0.515 | 1.000 | |||||||||
(6) Transit | −0.048 | −0.729 | 0.832 | 0.776 | 0.568 | 1.000 | ||||||||
(7) Workplace | −0.091 | −0.538 | 0.661 | 0.587 | 0.223 | 0.600 | 1.000 | |||||||
(8) Stringency | 0.325 | 0.593 | −0.630 | −0.474 | −0.377 | −0.584 | −0.454 | 1.000 | ||||||
(9) lnpopulation | 0.446 | 0.089 | 0.008 | 0.068 | −0.089 | 0.095 | 0.160 | 0.136 | 1.000 | |||||
(10) lnGDP | 0.547 | 0.119 | −0.094 | −0.024 | 0.130 | −0.039 | 0.003 | 0.175 | 0.682 | 1.000 | ||||
(11) Gov_effectiveness | 0.150 | 0.113 | −0.106 | −0.108 | 0.298 | −0.166 | −0.139 | 0.018 | −0.151 | 0.522 | 1.000 | |||
(12) lnGov_health | 0.228 | −0.019 | −0.062 | −0.090 | 0.342 | −0.124 | −0.136 | 0.017 | −0.134 | 0.438 | 0.685 | 1.000 | ||
(13) Trade_ratio | −0.188 | −0.008 | −0.073 | −0.050 | 0.144 | −0.056 | −0.123 | −0.102 | −0.479 | −0.096 | 0.429 | 0.144 | 1.000 | |
(14) Urban_rate | 0.285 | 0.051 | −0.116 | −0.030 | 0.115 | −0.148 | −0.094 | 0.105 | −0.116 | 0.465 | 0.555 | 0.571 | 0.243 | 1.000 |
Variables | Statistic | Z-Value | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Confirmed | 0.9429 | −2.2512 | 0.0122 *** |
Residential | 0.9139 | −5.4324 | 0.0000 ** |
Retail | 0.9267 | −4.0263 | 0.0000 *** |
Grocery | 0.9037 | −6.5499 | 0.0000 *** |
Parks | 0.8862 | −8.4768 | 0.0000 ** |
Transit | 0.9313 | −3.5270 | 0.0002 *** |
Workplace | 0.7591 | −22.4210 | 0.0000 *** |
Stringency | 0.9086 | −6.0100 | 0.0002 *** |
Coef. | |
---|---|
Chi-square test value | 14.57 |
p-value | 0.0022 |
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Variable | Obs | Mean | Std. Dev. | Min | Max |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confirmed | 8165 | 7.479 | 2.759 | 0.000 | 14.822 |
Stringency | 8165 | 59.584 | 18.827 | 10.714 | 96.300 |
Google_mobility | |||||
Residential | 8165 | 7.243 | 8.413 | −11.333 | 32.06 |
Retail | 8165 | −16.935 | 24.446 | −78.361 | 43.714 |
Grocery | 8165 | 3.161 | 24.756 | −58.000 | 86.000 |
Parks | 8165 | 6.488 | 47.899 | −68.048 | 177.95 |
Transit | 8165 | −21.993 | 25.648 | −77.945 | 53.952 |
Workplaces | 8165 | −20.243 | 14.598 | −62.592 | 11.565 |
Control variables | |||||
lnpopulation | 8165 | 16.457 | 1.508 | 12.566 | 21.025 |
lnGDP | 8165 | 25.490 | 1.809 | 21.407 | 30.696 |
lnGov_health | 8165 | 3.877 | 2.208 | 0.380 | 9.222 |
Gov_effectiveness | 8165 | 0.262 | 0.900 | −1.909 | 2.231 |
Trade_ratio | 8165 | 91.615 | 56.538 | 26.389 | 381.517 |
Urban_rate | 8165 | 63.466 | 21.098 | 16.350 | 100.000 |
(1) Confirmed | (2) Confirmed | (3) Confirmed | (4) Confirmed | (5) Confirmed | (6) Confirmed | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Residential | −0.0825 *** | |||||
(−20.51) | ||||||
Workplace | 0.0232 *** | |||||
(17.46) | ||||||
Transit | 0.0423 *** | |||||
(37.20) | ||||||
Retail | 0.000635 | |||||
(0.91) | ||||||
Grocery | 0.0246 *** | |||||
(17.30) | ||||||
Parks | 0.0101 *** | |||||
(4.99) | ||||||
Stringency | 0.0528 *** | 0.0493 *** | 0.0582 *** | 0.0279 *** | 0.0496 *** | 0.0318 *** |
(28.32) | (26.19) | (37.42) | (17.57) | (26.07) | (18.85) | |
Controls: lnpopulation, lnGDP, Trade_ratio, Gov_effectiveness, Gov_health, Urban_rate | ||||||
Constant | −11.14 | −27.46 | −53.42 * | −55.02 | −9.774 | −62.62 * |
(−0.34) | (−0.83) | (−1.71) | (−1.61) | (−0.29) | (−1.86) | |
ID fe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Obs | 8165 | 8165 | 8165 | 8165 | 8165 | 8165 |
R2 | 0.5412 | 0.5349 | 0.5880 | 0.5173 | 0.5346 | 0.5188 |
Stringency >60.19 | Stringency <=60.19 | |||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | Confirmed | |
Residential | −0.0760 *** | −0.00990 | ||||||||||
(−15.24) | (−1.43) | |||||||||||
Workplace | 0.0214 *** | 0.00973 *** | ||||||||||
(12.19) | (4.65) | |||||||||||
Transit | 0.0364 *** | 0.0323 *** | ||||||||||
(23.91) | (18.78) | |||||||||||
Retail | −0.00364 *** | 0.00119 | ||||||||||
(−3.34) | (1.37) | |||||||||||
Grocery | 0.0231 *** | 0.0102 *** | ||||||||||
(12.33) | (4.73) | |||||||||||
Parks | 0.0225 *** | −0.0328 *** | ||||||||||
(8.86) | (−10.17) | |||||||||||
Constant | 279.1 *** | 288.8 *** | 240.6 *** | 295.8 *** | 317.3 *** | 293.8 *** | 5.129 | 11.25 | −9.976 | 7.713 | 17.57 | 25.13 |
(3.35) | (3.43) | (3.00) | (3.45) | (3.77) | (3.46) | (0.13) | (0.28) | (−0.26) | (0.19) | (0.43) | (0.63) | |
Controls: lnpopulation, lnGDP, Trade_ratio, Gov_effectiveness, Gov_health, Urban_rate | ||||||||||||
ID fe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
Obs | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | 4105 | 4060 | 4060 | 4060 | 4060 | 4060 | 4060 |
R2 | 0.6318 | 0.6244 | 0.6592 | 0.6115 | 0.6247 | 0.6180 | 0.5581 | 0.5603 | 0.5941 | 0.5581 | 0.5604 | 0.5692 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | |
Stringency | −0.00122 *** | −0.00122 *** | −0.00122 *** | −0.00122 *** | −0.00122 *** | −0.00122 *** |
(−6.70) | (−6.70) | (−6.70) | (−6.70) | (−6.70) | (−6.70) | |
lnpopulation | 1.610 *** | 1.130 *** | 1.190 *** | 1.227 *** | 0.741 *** | |
(123.16) | (60.32) | (69.02) | (71.55) | (13.96) | ||
Gov_effectiveness | 0.616 *** | 0.698 *** | 0.630 *** | 0.407 *** | ||
(25.99) | (25.22) | (22.19) | (17.03) | |||
Gov_health | −0.126 *** | −0.105 *** | 0.112 *** | |||
(−15.35) | (−8.90) | (7.76) | ||||
Trade_ratio | 0.00163 | −0.0126 *** | ||||
(1.32) | (−5.36) | |||||
Urban_rate | −0.0835 *** | |||||
(−9.97) | ||||||
Constant | 13.65 *** | −14.70 *** | −6.271 *** | −6.495 *** | −7.329 *** | 7.928 *** |
(601.73) | (−59.95) | (−19.10) | (−20.16) | (−18.60) | (4.72) | |
ID fe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 294 | 294 | 294 | 294 | 294 | 294 |
R2 | 0.9989 | 0.9989 | 0.9989 | 0.9989 | 0.9989 | 0.9989 |
Variable Sample | Treated | Controls | Difference | S.E. | T-Stat |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnConfirmed Unmatched | 8.22825816 | 6.72676846 | 1.50148969 | 0.058759424 | 25.55 |
ATT | 8.22825816 | 6.66344862 | 1.56480953 | 0.13051596 | 11.99 |
ATU | 6.72676846 | 7.04432736 | 0.317558898 | -- | -- |
ATE | -- | 0.942635396 | -- | -- | -- |
Untreated | 4073 | 4073 | |||
Treated | 4092 | 4092 | |||
Total | 8165 | 8165 |
(1) | (2) | (3) | (4) | (5) | (6) | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | lnGDP | |
L.Stringency | 0.00214 *** | 0.00214 *** | 0.00214 *** | 0.00214 *** | 0.00214 *** | 0.00214 *** |
(13.20) | (13.20) | (13.20) | (13.20) | (13.20) | (13.20) | |
lnpopulation | 1.636 *** | 1.137 *** | 1.204 *** | 1.239 *** | 0.688 *** | |
(135.92) | (65.81) | (75.69) | (78.44) | (14.07) | ||
Gov_effectiveness | 0.642 *** | 0.732 *** | 0.667 *** | 0.413 *** | ||
(29.38) | (28.74) | (25.44) | (18.77) | |||
Gov_health | −0.140 *** | −0.119 *** | 0.126 *** | |||
(−18.50) | (−10.99) | (9.48) | ||||
Trade_ratio | 0.00157 | −0.0146 *** | ||||
(1.38) | (−6.71) | |||||
Urban_rate | −0.0946 *** | |||||
(−12.24) | ||||||
Constant | 13.40 *** | −15.41 *** | −6.640 *** | −6.889 *** | −7.693 *** | 9.585 *** |
(648.99) | (−68.31) | (−21.93) | (−23.18) | (−21.20) | (6.19) | |
ID fe | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes | Yes |
N | 252 | 252 | 252 | 252 | 252 | 252 |
R2 | 0.9992 | 0.9992 | 0.9992 | 0.9992 | 0.9992 | 0.9992 |
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Ma, L.; Zhang, C.; Lo, K.L.; Meng, X. Can Stringent Government Initiatives Lead to Global Economic Recovery Rapidly during the COVID-19 Epidemic? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064993
Ma L, Zhang C, Lo KL, Meng X. Can Stringent Government Initiatives Lead to Global Economic Recovery Rapidly during the COVID-19 Epidemic? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064993
Chicago/Turabian StyleMa, Lizheng, Congzhi Zhang, Kai Lisa Lo, and Xiangyan Meng. 2023. "Can Stringent Government Initiatives Lead to Global Economic Recovery Rapidly during the COVID-19 Epidemic?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 4993. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20064993