Retinal Microvasculature and Neural Changes and Dietary Patterns in an Older Population in Southern Italy
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design and Population
2.2. Clinical and Lifestyle Assessment
2.3. Dietary Assessment
2.4. Visual Assessment
2.5. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Random Forest Food Group and Retinal Nerve Fiber Layer (RNFL)
3.2. Random Forest Food Group and Ganglion Cell Layer (GCL) Thickness
3.3. Random Forest Food Group and Whole Retina Superficial Vessel Density (SVD)
3.4. Random Forest Food Group and Whole Retina Deep Vessel Density (DVD)
4. Discussion
4.1. Fruits and Vegetables
4.2. Fish
4.3. Grains
4.4. Olives and Vegetable Olive Oil
4.5. Dairy
4.6. Red and Processed Meat
4.7. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameters * | |
Sex (%) | |
Male | 235 (44.34) |
Female | 295 (55.66) |
Age (yrs) | 72.00 (68.00–78.00) |
Age Classes (%) | |
65–70 | 204 (38.49) |
70–75 | 131 (24.72) |
75–80 | 102 (19.25) |
80–85 | 63 (11.89) |
85–90 | 28 (5.28) |
>90 | 2 (0.38) |
Education (yrs) | 6.00 (5.00–10.00) |
Smoking (Yes) (%) | 38 (7.17) |
BMI (Kg/m2) | 28.81 (25.98–32.04) |
OCT Variables | |
RNFL Thickness (µm) | 94.00 (87.00–101.00) |
GCL Thickness (µm) | 93.18 (87.17–98.17) |
Whole retina SVD (%) | 49.17 (44.44–51.41) |
Whole retina DVD (%) | 54.04 (50.35–56.65) |
Parameters * | Gender | Age Classes | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Total | Male | Female | p ^ | <72 (n = 258) | ≥72 (n = 272) | p ^ | |
Food Groups ¥ | |||||||
Dairy | 67.65 (30.08–139.12) | 56.60 (27.78–124.08) | 81.37 (37.29–153.63) | 0.005 | 75.26 (33.29–138.97) | 61.19 (28.77–141.71) | 0.29 |
Low Fat Dairy | 100.00 (8.22–202.05) | 100.00 (8.22–202.05) | 101.31 (8.22–202.05) | 0.77 | 100.66 (9.86–201.31) | 100.00 (8.22–202.05) | 0.86 |
Eggs | 6.84 (3.42–14.82) | 6.84 (3.42–14.82) | 7.41 (3.42–14.82) | 0.05 | 6.84 (3.42–14.82) | 7.12 83.42–14.82) | 0.46 |
White Meat | 18.36 (9.86–31.89) | 20.38 (11.18–36.00) | 15.56 (9.20–26.63) | 0.009 | 19.94 (9.86–32.05) | 16.88 (9.86–31.89) | 0.60 |
Red Meat | 16.74 (9.97–27.23) | 20.49 (12.33–30.14) | 14.79 (8.55–24.22) | <0.0001 | 17.56 (10.36–28.49) | 15.89 (9.70–25.18) | 0.17 |
Processed Meat | 11.09 (4.93–19.86) | 13.48 (6.16–24.82) | 8.77 (4.19–16.77) | <0.0001 | 12.41 (5.09–23.26) | 9.70 (4.27–18.11) | 0.009 |
Fish | 20.38 (10.52–33.70) | 21.97 (12.00–34.85) | 19.51 (9.37–32.88) | 0.04 | 22.68 (11.18–34.85) | 19.45 (9.78–32.33) | 0.10 |
Seafood/Shellfish | 7.73 (2.79–14.79) | 8.63 (3.70–14.79) | 6.25 (2.79–11.18) | 0.001 | 7.73 (2.79–14.79) | 7.73 (2.79–11.62) | 0.40 |
Leafy Vegetables | 41.92 (22.46–72.19) | 43.15 (22.74–71.23) | 41.64 (21.096–73.97) | 0.77 | 42.63 (22.46–71.23) | 41.64 (21.78–74.82) | 0.76 |
Fruiting Vegetables | 71.41 (42.94–124.04) | 68.83 (44.22–126.53) | 72.19 (40.11–118.49) | 0.62 | 73.73 (44.11–127.19) | 66.54 (39.83–118.43) | 0.26 |
Root Vegetables | 6.57 (1.64–14.25) | 3.29 (0.82–14.24) | 7.12 (3.29–14.25) | 0.005 | 6.57 (0.82–14.25) | 6.57 (3.29–14.25) | 0.95 |
Other Vegetables | 55.34 (32.05–96.82) | 54.08 (30.41–92.46) | 57.81 (32.99–105.59) | 0.44 | 55.07 (32.99–108.93) | 56.15 (31.87–92.03) | 0.43 |
Legumes | 32.41 (21.86–47.09) | 35.59 (21.86–48.53) | 29.45 (21.78–45.09) | 0.09 | 30.27 (21.86–45.86) | 32.78 (21.82–47.09) | 0.27 |
Potatoes | 8.55 (3.94–15.67) | 8.55 (3.94–15.67) | 8.55 (3.94–15.67) | 0.06 | 7.23 (3.94–15.67) | 8.55 (3.94–15.67) | 0.30 |
Fruits | 435.98 (243.20–826.60) | 413.94 (241.12–875.08) | 478.70 (245.86–792.11) | 0.60 | 429.38 (248.41–873.64) | 439.62 (236.59–800.98) | 0.54 |
Nuts | 3.29 (0.49–10.68) | 3.29 (0.49–10.68) | 1.97 (0.49–10.68) | 0.25 | 3.29 (0.49–10.68) | 1.97 (0.49–7.12) | 0.001 |
Grains | 125.60 (74.60–186.27) | 130.68 (78.00–206.92) | 119.01 (71.23–170.23) | 0.02 | 125.60 (73.45–195.96) | 126.04 (74.60–177.16) | 0.57 |
Olives and Vegetable Oil | 50.25 (32.60–57.37) | 51.07 (34.56–61.77) | 50.25 (32.25–57.37) | 0.11 | 47.74 (31.40–57.37) | 51.07 (38.09–59.64) | 0.006 |
Sweets | 15.79 (6.90–29.14) | 16.48 (6.90–29.35) | 15.48 (6.93–28.49) | 0.72 | 16.20 (7.18–30.14) | 15.71 (6.74–27.56) | 0.27 |
Sugary | 8.29 (5.00–13.29) | 10.00 (5.00–15.00) | 7.05 (5.00–12.05) | 0.17 | 10.00 (5.00–15.00) | 7.05 (2.67–10.82) | 0.11 |
Juices | 0.00 (0.00–2.05) | 0.00 (0.00–2.05) | 0.00 (0.00–2.05) | 0.23 | 0.00 (0.00–4.11) | 0.00 (0.00–2.05) | 0.25 |
High-calorie Drinks | 0.00 (0.00–1.75) | 0.00 (0.00–2.63) | 0.00 (0.00–1.32) | 0.04 | 0.00 (0.00–2.63) | 0.00 (0.00–1.32) | 0.006 |
Ready-to-Eat Dishes | 27.12 (9.86–44.38) | 32.88 (15.62–59.73) | 25.48 (9.86–44.38) | 0.02 | 32.73 (15.62–59.73) | 23.01 (8.22–32.88) | <0.0001 |
Coffee | 50.00 (30.00–60.00) | 50.00 (30.00–60.00) | 50.00 (30.00–60.00) | 0.67 | 60.00 (30.00–60.00) | 30.00 (30.00–60.00) | <0.0001 |
Wine | 0.00 (0.00–150.00) | 150.00 (0.00–370.00) | 0.00 (0.00–100.00) | <0.0001 | 0.00 (0.00–150.00) | 0.00 (0.00–150.00) | 0.32 |
Beer | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | <0.0001 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.003 |
Spirits | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–6.41) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | <0.0001 | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.00 (0.00–0.00) | 0.05 |
Water | 652.05 (456.44–978.08) | 652.05 (456.44–978.08) | 652.05 (456.44–978.08) | 0.21 | 652.05 (456.44–978.08) | 652.05 (456.44–978.08) | 0.11 |
RNFL | GCl Total Thickness | Whole Retina SVD | Whole Retina DVD |
Grains | Grains | Low Fat Dairy | Red Meat |
Sweets | Legumes | Grains | Grains |
Processed Meat | Red Meat | Leafy Vegetables | Dairy |
Legumes | Low Fat Dairy | Other Vegetables | Olives-Vegetable Oil |
Fish | Fruiting Vegetables | Fruits | Legumes |
Olives-Vegetable Oil | White Meat | Fish | Processed Meat |
Fruiting Vegetables | Processed Meat | White Meat | Fruiting Vegetables |
White Meat | Fish | Dairy | Fruits |
Leafy Vegetables | Fruits | Sweets | White Meat |
Dairy | Other Vegetables | Olives-Vegetable Oil | Leafy Vegetables |
Fruits | Sweets | Fruiting Vegetables | Sweets |
Low Fat Dairy | Eggs | Legumes | Fish |
Red Meat | Seafood-Shellfish | Caloric Drinks | Low-fat Dairy |
Other Vegetables | Olives-Vegetable Oil | Red Meat | Seafood-Shellfish |
Caloric Drinks | Dairy | Processed Meat | Other Vegetables |
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Tatoli, R.; Lampignano, L.; Donghia, R.; Niro, A.; Castellana, F.; Bortone, I.; Zupo, R.; Tirelli, S.; Lozupone, M.; Panza, F.; et al. Retinal Microvasculature and Neural Changes and Dietary Patterns in an Older Population in Southern Italy. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065108
Tatoli R, Lampignano L, Donghia R, Niro A, Castellana F, Bortone I, Zupo R, Tirelli S, Lozupone M, Panza F, et al. Retinal Microvasculature and Neural Changes and Dietary Patterns in an Older Population in Southern Italy. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(6):5108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065108
Chicago/Turabian StyleTatoli, Rossella, Luisa Lampignano, Rossella Donghia, Alfredo Niro, Fabio Castellana, Ilaria Bortone, Roberta Zupo, Sarah Tirelli, Madia Lozupone, Francesco Panza, and et al. 2023. "Retinal Microvasculature and Neural Changes and Dietary Patterns in an Older Population in Southern Italy" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 6: 5108. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20065108