Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health in Poor Chinese Single-Mother Families: Filial Responsibilities—Risks or Buffers?
Abstract
:1. Introduction
1.1. Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health
1.2. Adolescent Filial Responsibility as a Moderator
1.3. Moderation of Adolescent Gender and Age
1.4. The Present Study
2. Method
2.1. Participants and Procedure
2.2. Measurements
2.2.1. Maternal Distress
2.2.2. Adolescent Mental Health
2.2.3. Adolescent Filial Responsibilities
2.3. Data Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Mean | SD | 1 | 2 | 3 | 4 | 5 | 6 | 7 | 8 | 9 | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1. Maternal distress | 2.54 | 0.89 | 1.00 | ||||||||
2. Instrumental filial responsibilities | 1.89 | 0.78 | 0.06 | 1.00 | |||||||
3. Emotional filial responsibilities | 2.30 | 0.61 | −0.01 | 0.37 *** | 1.00 | ||||||
4. Anxiety | 2.09 | 0.56 | 0.12 * | 0.00 | −0.08 | 1.00 | |||||
5. Depression | 1.97 | 0.54 | 0.13 * | −0.07 | −0.19 ** | 0.48 *** | 1.00 | ||||
6. Adolescent gender (boys = −1; girls = 1) | N.A. | N.A. | 0.03 | 0.13 * | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.02 | 1.00 | |||
7. Adolescent age | 13.53 | 2.10 | −0.02 | 0.13 * | 0.13 * | 0.08 | 0.02 | −0.06 | 1.00 | ||
8. Sibling birth order | N.A. | N.A. | 0.01 | 0.34 *** | −0.12 ** | 0.12 * | 0.05 | −0.06 | 0.03 | 1.00 | |
9. No. of children in the family | 1.76 | 0.77 | 0.06 | 0.44 *** | −0.05 | 0.11 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.15 ** | 0.72 *** | 1.00 |
10. Mother’s educational level | N.A. | N.A. | 0.12 * | 0.04 | −0.04 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.03 | −0.03 | −0.09 | −0.06 |
Moderator | Anxiety | Depression | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
b | SE | β | B | SE | β | ||
Instrumental filial responsibility | Step 1 | ||||||
Gender of adolescents | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.15 * | 0.04 | 0.06 | 0.04 | |
Age of adolescents | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.10 | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.02 | |
Sibling birth order | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.11 † | 0.04 | 0.05 | 0.07 | |
No. of children | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.02 | −0.02 | 0.06 | −0.03 | |
Mother’s education | 0 | 0.04 | 0.00 | ||||
Step 2 | |||||||
Maternal distress | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.11 † | 0.07 | 0.03 | 0.11 † | |
Instrumental filial responsibility | −0.06 | 0.05 | −0.08 | −0.12 | 0.05 | −0.16 * | |
Step 3 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Instrumental filial responsibility | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.12 * | 0.11 | 0.05 | 0.13 * | |
Gender as a moderator: | |||||||
Step 4 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Gender | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.14 | 0.07 | 0.11 † | |
Instrumental filial responsibility × Gender | 0.01 | 0.09 | 0.01 | 0.14 | 0.08 | 0.10 † | |
Step 5 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Instrumental filial responsibility × Gender | 0.19 | 0.10 | 0.11 † | 0.00 | 0.10 | 0.00 | |
Age as a moderator | |||||||
Step 4 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Age | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.00 | 0.02 | −0.01 | |
Instrumental filial responsibility × Age | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.04 | 0.10 | 0.05 | 0.12 † | |
Step 5 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Instrumental filial responsibility × Age | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.04 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.09 | |
Emotional filial responsibility | Step 1 | ||||||
Gender of adolescents | 0.16 | 0.07 | 0.14 * | 0.04 | 0.07 | 0.04 | |
Age of adolescents | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.10† | 0.01 | 0.02 | 0.03 | |
Sibling birth order | 0.06 | 0.05 | 0.11 | 0.03 | 0.05 | 0.06 | |
No. of children | 0.01 | 0.06 | 0.01 | −0.03 | 0.06 | −0.04 | |
Mother’s education | 0.00 | 0.04 | 0.00 | −0.01 | 0.04 | −0.01 | |
Step 2 | |||||||
Maternal distress | 0.07 | 0.04 | 0.11 † | 0.06 | 0.04 | 0.09 | |
Emotional filial responsibility | −0.09 | 0.05 | −0.09 | −0.21 | 0.05 | −0.23 *** | |
Step 3 | |||||||
Emotional filial responsibility × Maternal distress | 0.15 | 0.05 | 0.16 ** | 0.08 | 0.05 | 0.09 | |
Gender as a moderator: | |||||||
Step 4 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Gender | 0.07 | 0.07 | 0.06 | 0.02 | 0.11 | 0.01 | |
Emotional filial responsibility × Gender | −0.08 | 0.11 | −0.04 | 0.07 | 0.05 | 0.08 | |
Step 5 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Emotional filial responsibility × Gender | 0.23 | 0.11 | 0.12 * | 0.06 | 0.11 | 0.03 | |
Age as a moderator | |||||||
Step 4 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Age | 0.02 | 0.02 | 0.08 | 0.03 | 0.02 | 0.11 † | |
Emotional filial responsibility × Age | 0.02 | 0.03 | 0.05 | −0.03 | 0.03 | −0.08 | |
Step 5 | |||||||
Maternal distress × Emotional filial responsibility × Age | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 | −0.01 | 0.02 | −0.03 |
Moderator | Predictor | Regression Coefficient (β) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Overall | Boys | Girls | |||
Anxiety | |||||
Instrumental filial responsibility | Higher level (+1 SD) | Maternal distress | 0.29 ** | N.A. | N.A. |
Lower level (−1 SD) | −0.03 | N.A. | N.A. | ||
Emotional filial responsibility | Higher level (+1 SD) | Maternal distress | 0.34 ** | 0.13 | 0.56 *** |
Lower level (−1 SD) | −0.14 | −0.04 | −0.23 | ||
Depression | |||||
Instrumental filial responsibility | Higher level (+1 SD) | Maternal distress | 0.32 ** | N.A. | N.A. |
Lower level (−1 SD) | −0.06 | N.A. | N.A. |
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Leung, J.T.Y.; Shek, D.T.L.; To, S.-M.; Ngai, S.-W. Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health in Poor Chinese Single-Mother Families: Filial Responsibilities—Risks or Buffers? Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075363
Leung JTY, Shek DTL, To S-M, Ngai S-W. Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health in Poor Chinese Single-Mother Families: Filial Responsibilities—Risks or Buffers? International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(7):5363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075363
Chicago/Turabian StyleLeung, Janet T. Y., Daniel T. L. Shek, Siu-Ming To, and So-Wa Ngai. 2023. "Maternal Distress and Adolescent Mental Health in Poor Chinese Single-Mother Families: Filial Responsibilities—Risks or Buffers?" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7: 5363. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075363