The Relationship between Anger Expression and Performance Score in Parents and Coaches: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Participants
2.2. Measurement Instruments
2.2.1. General Self-Efficacy
2.2.2. The Scale for Interpersonal Behavior (SIB)
2.2.3. State–Trait Anger Expression Inventory-2 (STAXI-2)
2.2.4. Performance Data
2.3. Procedure
2.4. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Group and Performance Score Differences
3.2. Correlations
3.3. Mediation Analysis
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Dimension | Parents | Coaches | t | p | Cohen’s d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Self-efficacy | 36.41 | 9.34 | 37.49 | 7.45 | −1.27 | 0.202 | −0.13 |
General assertiveness distress | 66.64 | 23.88 | 62.46 | 14.60 | 2.10 | 0.036 | 0.22 |
General assertiveness performance | 74.13 | 13.18 | 77.18 | 16.97 | −2.01 | 0.045 | −0.20 |
Anger expression | 73.60 | 15.68 | 70.50 | 10.20 | 2.34 | 0.020 | 0.24 |
Dimension | Low Performance Score | High Performance Score | t | p | Cohen’s d | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
M | SD | M | SD | ||||
Self-efficacy | 31.43 | 6.40 | 43.28 | 5.61 | −19.53 | 0.001 | −1.95 |
General assertiveness distress | 76.89 | 14.88 | 50.35 | 14.78 | 17.83 | 0.001 | 1.79 |
General assertiveness performance | 65.22 | 9.01 | 87.66 | 11.74 | −21.18 | 0.001 | −2.16 |
Anger expression | 79.51 | 12.52 | 63.46 | 7.90 | 15.52 | 0.001 | 1.51 |
Mediators | Indirect Effects | SE | p | Boot LLCI | Boot ULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anger expression → Self-efficacy → Performance score | −0.063 | 0.019 | <0.01 | −0.112 | −0.035 |
Anger expression → General assertiveness distress → Performance score | −0.030 | 0.018 | <0.01 | −0.074 | −0.006 |
Anger expression → General assertiveness performance → Performance score | −0.021 | 0.016 | 0.11 | −0.057 | 0.008 |
Mediators | Indirect Effects | SE | p | Boot LLCI | Boot ULCI |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anger expression → Self-efficacy → Performance score | −0.026 | 0.026 | <0.01 | −0.068 | −0.003 |
Anger expression → General assertiveness distress → Performance score | −0.047 | 0.036 | <0.01 | −0.113 | −0.020 |
Anger expression → General assertiveness performance → Performance score | −0.073 | 0.041 | <0.01 | −0.156 | −0.036 |
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Di Corrado, D.; Sagone, E.; Buscemi, A.; Coco, M. The Relationship between Anger Expression and Performance Score in Parents and Coaches: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2023, 20, 5372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075372
Di Corrado D, Sagone E, Buscemi A, Coco M. The Relationship between Anger Expression and Performance Score in Parents and Coaches: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2023; 20(7):5372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075372
Chicago/Turabian StyleDi Corrado, Donatella, Elisabetta Sagone, Andrea Buscemi, and Marinella Coco. 2023. "The Relationship between Anger Expression and Performance Score in Parents and Coaches: The Mediating Role of Self-Efficacy and Assertiveness" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 20, no. 7: 5372. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph20075372