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Volume 21
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Article

The Economic Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic

by
Valentina Lorenzoni
1,*,
Gianni Andreozzi
1,
Ilaria Palla
1,
Chiara Tani
2,
Claudia Carmassi
3,
Giovanni Fulvio
2,
Francesca Trentin
2,
Sara Fantasia
3,
Lorenzo Conti
3,
Liliana Dell’Osso
3,
Marta Mosca
2 and
Giuseppe Turchetti
1
1
Intitute of Management, Scuola Superiore Sant’Anna, 56127 Pisa, Italy
2
Rheumatology Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
3
Psychiatry Unit, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Pisa, 56126 Pisa, Italy
*
Author to whom correspondence should be addressed.
Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21(11), 1476; https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111476
Submission received: 13 September 2024 / Revised: 23 October 2024 / Accepted: 25 October 2024 / Published: 6 November 2024
(This article belongs to the Special Issue Cost-of-Illness and Cost-Effectiveness in Disease Management)
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Abstract

Background: The present work aimed to estimate the economic impact of PTSD following COVID-19 in a population of patients affected by systemic autoimmune disease (SAD) using a cost-of-illness approach and accounting for the perspective of society. Methods: Considering data collected from SAD patients enrolled in a specialized outpatient clinic in the Tuscany region, Italy, generalized linear models and LASSO logistic regression were used to evaluate the impact of PTSD on costs and its relevance as a possible predictor of being a high-cost patient, respectively. Results: Considering 301 SAD patients, 161 (51.2%) of whom were diagnosed with PTSD, the overall costs were EUR 3670 [890; 40,529] per patient/year among patients with PTSD and EUR 2736.7 [283; 21,078] per patient/year among those without PTSD (p-value < 0.001), with differences mainly attributable to significantly greater direct non-healthcare and indirect costs. PTSD was estimated to increase overall costs (β = 0.296 (0.140), p-value = 0.035), direct non-healthcare (β = 1.193 (0.392), p-value = 0.002), and indirect costs (β = 3.741 (1.136), p-value = 0.001). PTSD diagnosis was also significantly associated with the likelihood of being a high-cost patient. Conclusions: Findings from the present study offer a novel perspective on the economic impact of COVID-19 and provide valuable data for policymakers to better understand the demand for healthcare services and associated costs.
Keywords: COVID-19; post-traumatic stress disorder; systemic autoimmune disease; economic; healthcare costs; indirect costs; LASSO regression COVID-19; post-traumatic stress disorder; systemic autoimmune disease; economic; healthcare costs; indirect costs; LASSO regression

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MDPI and ACS Style

Lorenzoni, V.; Andreozzi, G.; Palla, I.; Tani, C.; Carmassi, C.; Fulvio, G.; Trentin, F.; Fantasia, S.; Conti, L.; Dell’Osso, L.; et al. The Economic Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111476

AMA Style

Lorenzoni V, Andreozzi G, Palla I, Tani C, Carmassi C, Fulvio G, Trentin F, Fantasia S, Conti L, Dell’Osso L, et al. The Economic Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(11):1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111476

Chicago/Turabian Style

Lorenzoni, Valentina, Gianni Andreozzi, Ilaria Palla, Chiara Tani, Claudia Carmassi, Giovanni Fulvio, Francesca Trentin, Sara Fantasia, Lorenzo Conti, Liliana Dell’Osso, and et al. 2024. "The Economic Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 11: 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111476

APA Style

Lorenzoni, V., Andreozzi, G., Palla, I., Tani, C., Carmassi, C., Fulvio, G., Trentin, F., Fantasia, S., Conti, L., Dell’Osso, L., Mosca, M., & Turchetti, G. (2024). The Economic Impact of Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder Among Patients with Systemic Autoimmune Diseases During the COVID-19 Pandemic. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 21(11), 1476. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21111476

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