Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Selection Criteria
2.2. Data Extraction
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Screening
3.2. Studies Included in Meta-Analysis
3.3. Meta-Analysis
4. Discussion
4.1. Predominant Routes of Exposure
4.2. Challenges to Pesticide Safety
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Study | Sample Information | Pesticides Reported | Method | Time Period of Symptoms | OR Adjustments |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
General | |||||
Osterlund et al., 2014 [26] | Uganda—small-scale vegetable farms; 317 farmers; APP case count not specified | WHO Classes I, II, III, U—mostly Class II | Interview and questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes, symptoms, hygiene, and PPE defined as wearing one or more vs. having no precautions of gloves, overalls, boots, mask, hat, long-sleeved shirt * | Symptoms experienced “immediately” after spraying in the last year | District, age gender, marital status farmer group, education level, use of PPE and precaution |
Butinof et al., 2015 [27] | Argentina—extensive crop farms; 880 applicators; 417 reported APP | Various chemical herbicides, insecticides, and fungicides | Self-administered questionnaire assessing sociodemographic factors, work practices, and PPE defined as “adequately protected” with at least 90% PPE vs. “without proper protection” * | Symptoms that appear “after the beginning of the exposure” | Irritation symptoms, medical consultation and hospitalization |
Shin and Roh, 2019 [28] | South Korea—orchards; 394 farmers; 323 reported APP | Not specified | Questionnaire and interview assessing sociodemographic factors, farming occupational exposure factors including APP, disease history, lifestyle factors, and PPE defined as 4–7 pieces of PPE worn vs. 0–3 pieces including goggles, hat, boots, gloves, mask, clothing [top], and clothing [bottom] * | Symptoms within 48 h of exposure within the last year | Gender, age, educational status, smoking, and drinking status |
Joko et al., 2020 [29] | Indonesia—red onions, 100 farmers; 17 reported APP | Mixtures of insecticides and fungicides | Self-administered questionnaire assessing acute symptoms and PPE usage defined as “Using PPE” wearing any number of boots, gloves, glasses, trousers, and long-sleeved clothes vs. “Using no PPE” * | Not specified | None |
Face | |||||
Ncube et al., 2011 [30] | Jamaica—yam, banana, dasheen, cane tomato, pepper, plantain, and corn; 359 farmers; 57 reported APP | Herbicides (paraquat, 2,4D, ametryin, ioxynil, terbutryn); fungicides (glyphosphate, copper hydroxide); insecticides (cyhalothrin, deltamethrin, diazinon) | Interviewer-administered questionnaire assessing knowledge and practice regarding handling, use, storage and disposal of pesticides, self-reported acute symptoms, and PPE usage defined as “Always” using a mask/respirator when handling pesticides vs. “never” ‡ | Acute symptoms experienced within the last 2 years | Not specified |
J.-H. Kim et al., 2013 [31] | South Korea—rice, vegetable, greenhouse, fruit, mixed and other; 1958 male farmers; 449 reported APP | Not specified | Survey and interviews assessing poisoning, type of treatment, and PPE defined as use of safety glasses or no use ‡ | Symptoms experience within 48 h of pesticide use | Age, income |
Muñoz-Quezada et al., 2017 [32] | Chile—114 agricultural workers, 93 non-agricultural workers; APP case count not specified | Organophosphates, herbicides, pyrethroids, fungicides, other, unspecified | Questionnaire assessing exposure history, symptoms, and PPE defined as use of respiratory PPE or no use † | “Symptoms associated with recent poisoning by exposure to pesticides” | None |
Riccó et al., 2018 [33] | Italy—open and closed-field fruits, vegetables, and flower farms; 260 applicators; 113 reported APP | Not specified | Questionnaire assessing knowledge, attitudes, practices, health, and PPE defined as use of eye mask or no use ‡ | Frequency of experiencing symptoms when handling pesticides | Age, sex and ethnicity |
Cevik et al., 2020 [34] | Turkey—fruit and vegetable farms; 565 applicators; 64 reported APP | Not specified | Structured questionnaire assessing sociodemographic factors, preventative measures, and PPE defined as use of eye mask or no use ‡ | “Two or more symptoms that occur within 48 h of spraying in the past year” | None specified |
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Nguyen, D.; Tsai, C.S.J. Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21030257
Nguyen D, Tsai CSJ. Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(3):257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21030257
Chicago/Turabian StyleNguyen, Dorothy, and Candace S. J. Tsai. 2024. "Inadequate Personal Protective Equipment Factors and Odds Related to Acute Pesticide Poisoning: A Meta-Analysis Report" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 3: 257. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21030257