Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Average Daily Dose, Carcinogenic Risk, and Hazard Quotient
2.2. Concentrations of Elements in Infant Cereals
2.3. Selection of Essential and Non-Essential Elements for the Risk Assessment and Their Concentrations in Infant Cereal
3. Results
3.1. Exposure to Non-Essential Elements in Infant Cereal
Type of Infant Cereal (ID) | Essential Elements | Non-Essential Elements | |||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Ag ** | B ** | Ba | Co | Cr | Cu | Mn | Se | Sr | Zn | As | Al ** | Ni | Cd | Pb | |
(ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | |
Corn (A) * | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 307.95 ± 29.6 | 6.45 ± 0.9 | 109.35 ± 13.1 | 1212.91 ± 252.1 | 2481.93 ± 222.1 | 62.01 ± 22.4 | 6191.67 ± 110.3 | 76,980.20 ± 3.07.2 | 4.75 ± 0.5 | 2258.88 ± 541.5 | 77.20 ± 13.6 | 0.77 ± 0.04 | 8.59 ± 1.7 |
Oatmeal (B) * | 24.67 ± 16.9 | 135.03 ± 67.4 | 3228.01 ± 112.0 | 29.48 ± 6.9 | 90.08 ± 3.1 | 2663.27 ± 291.8 | 25,916.32 ± 847.3 | 6.83 ± 2.5 | 7350.02 ± 59.7 | 92,817.65 ± 2929.3 | 12.54 ± 0.6 | 1751.27 ± 125.0 | 498.52 ± 21.1 | 1.58 ± 2.0 | 26.66 ± 5.4 |
Oatmeal (C) * | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 2314.38 ± 79.9 | 11.69 ± 0.7 | 82.52 ± 8.1 | 3396.00 ± 321.8 | 27,957.60 ± 1485.2 | 53.31 ± 22.9 | 6856.69 ± 203.8 | 87,975.73 ± 3594.2 | 6.29 ± 1.3 | 3516.70 ± 322.6 | 417.23 ± 28.1 | 1.85 ± 0.7 | 16.63 ± 8.5 |
Multi-grain (D) * | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 1268.78 ± 71.6 | 11.62 ± 2.0 | 118.01 ± 22.8 | 1731.44 ± 222.5 | 8076.69 ± 296.5 | 37.05 ± 0.6 | 992.36 ± 38.0 | 132,895.81 ± 19,677.2 | 12.86 ± 2.5 | 2797.43 ± 612.9 | 82.26 ± 14.4 | 9.52 ± 3.2 | 31.30 ± 10.3 |
Rice and oat (E) | 10.47 ±1.0 | 820.81 ± 122.2 | 580.32 ± 33.2 | 14.47 ± 3.3 | 339.80 ± 43.5 | 2939.32 ± 107.8 | 16,123.31 ± 4897.1 | 754.05 ± 166.5 | 7.99 ± <0 | 40,778.36 ± 753.1 | 26.32 ± 0.6 | 8799.73 ± 897.2 | 416.49 ± 18.5 | 3.43 ± 0.5 | 60.13 ± 2.3 |
Rice and oat (F) | 11.79 ± 7.4 | 142.63 ± 104.2 | 1101.32 ± 24.3 | 19.86 ± 0.7 | 49.53 ± 0.4 | 1583.76 ± 103.6 | 10,347.66 ± 171.8 | 31.04 ± 2.8 | 47,843.81 ± 2192.5 | 66,817.50 ± 14,264.2 | 122.67 ± 5.5 | 3870.41 ± 852.0 | 182.15 ± 3.3 | 12.97 ± 1.1 | 25.52 ± 5.7 |
Rice and fruit (G) | 32.16 ± 32.2 | 1908.55 ± 267.3 | 1211.96 ± 29.3 | 61.22 ± 2.1 | 209.50 ± 16.3 | 4225.63 ± 31.7 | 13,222.21 ± 489.4 | 45.06 ± 1.5 | 3246.27 ± 67.2 | 15,987.85 ± 682.6 | 90.98 ± 3.8 | 4723.68 ± 634.0 | 358.29 ± 16.3 | 14.27 ± 4.3 | 28.05 ± 6.8 |
Rice and cornstarch (H) | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 414.44 ± 84.7 | 14.46 ± 0.2 | 383.63 ± 77.7 | 3113.82 ± 118.1 | 13,189.60 ± 771.2 | 48.59 ± 22.3 | 16,535.69 ± 1147.9 | 67,200.60 ± 3539.6 | 18.92 ± 4.7 | 4670.31 ± 412.1 | 484.46 ± 21.3 | 4.33 ± 0.9 | 22.57 ± 5.4 |
Rice and cornstarch (I) | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 3.56 ± 0 | 5.30 ± 3.7 | 138.97 ± 12.4 | 202.41 ± 36.3 | 1022.39 ± 101.6 | 47.55 ± 43.6 | 85.15 ± 36.1 | 108,784.53 ± 10,816.7 | 17.05 ± 2.7 | 1264.50 ± 569.9 | 80.63 ± 20.2 | 3.06 ± 0.7 | 20.26 ± 14.9 |
Rice (J) | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 303.14 ± 9.8 | 11.93 ± 2.2 | 93.87 ± 7.9 | 1729.32 ± 493.7 | 7024.22 ± 138.6 | 26.90 ± 2.9 | 4649.73 ± 120.4 | 69,740.57 ± 1467.5 | 113.45 ± 6.0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 173.25 ± 6.4 | 2.07 ± 0.4 | 49.97 ± 15.5 |
Rice (K) | 21.64 ± 2.0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 336.43 ± 45.1 | 23.34 ± 2.4 | 71.43 ± 8.0 | 2053.55 ± 51.9 | 10,304.56 ± 245.7 | 1001.25 ± 179.4 | 32.41 ± 13.2 | 121,475.24 ± 67,201.7 | 113.65 ± 10.6 | 552.00 ± 187.9 | 220.74 ± 13.5 | 17.14 ± 1.2 | 24.71 ± 8.8 |
Rice (L) | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 214.47 ± 16.1 | 27.82 ± 2.1 | 60.39 ± 2.5 | 2198.62 ± 165.6 | 11,485.59 ± 951.4 | 32.87 ± 11.0 | 775.21 ± 23.4 | 126,856.65 ± 57,523.7 | 125.70 ± 11.7 | 81.36 ± 10.0 | 172.05 ± 7.6 | 19.13 ± 3.5 | 32.04 ± 19.1 |
Rice (M) | 32.90 ± 34.9 | 310.60 ± 176 | 567.04 ± 91.9 | 17.65 ± 0.7 | 266.53 ± 36.2 | 1888.35 ± 100.9 | 14,092.72 ± 384.1 | 28.10 ± 3.1 | 1128.08 ± 65.7 | 124,412.43 ± 30,568.1 | 146.27 ± 7.41 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 183.32 ± 1.9 | 22.15 ± 4.0 | 20.52 ± 9.1 |
Rice (N) | 27.39 ± 9.9 | 1062.21 ± 405.2 | 148.01 ± 8.4 | 24.54 ± 1.6 | 69.97 ± 31.5 | 1953.83 ± 215.5 | 9080.14 ± 318.7 | 47.81 ± 10.0 | 123.22 ± 4.2 | 114,733.40 ± 5848,0 | 102.36 ± 5.9 | 2409.44 ± 978.2 | 112.79 ± 12.4 | 13.87 ± 7.2 | 22.67 ± 18.4 |
Rice (O) | 64.63 ± <0 | 0.00 ± <0 | 422.87 ± 36.1 | 74.73 ± 5.2 | 180.24 ± 101.2 | 2928.29 ± 649.3 | 15,125.22 ± 943.9 | 53.46 ± 32.0 | 177.21 ± 26.4 | 106,956.31 ± 16,955.2 | 168.08 ± 29.0 | 865.44 ± 243.2 | 264.91 ± 48.3 | 18.71 ± 11.3 | 15.58 ± 5.6 |
Rice (P) | 17.01 ± 7.3 | 1572.62 ± 233.1 | 1192.17 ± 20.9 | 54.56 ± 5.0 | 211.67 ± 18.5 | 4299.29 ± 309.4 | 14,414.66 ± 955.9 | 42.69 ± 7.26 | 3959.14 ± 211.4 | 57,728.65 ± 11,198.9 | 86.71 ± 6.1 | 4961.73 ± 413.3 | 432.94 ± 50.1 | 10.86 ± 1.3 | 16.37 ± 13.3 |
Rice (Q) | 48.57 ± 0 | 5 × 10−5 ± < 0 | 441.57 ± 32.4 | 33.17 ± 5.4 | 38.36 ± 2.8 | 2866.51 ± 367.8 | 9949.67 ± 679.4 | 13.54 ± 1.51 | 6923.74 ± 296.0 | 53,445.06 ± 3691.6 | 130.85 ± 6.9 | 3549.55 ± 500.4 | 214.89 ± 12.2 | 12.52 ± 9.8 | 33.19 ± 18.8 |
Rice (R) | 1.09 ± 0.24 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 56.21 ± 11.9 | 14.80 ± 4.1 | 211.16 ± 23.3 | 335.09 ± 145.0 | 1616.48 ± 74.8 | 826.97 ± 232.2 | 5.21 ± 5.6 | 13,0184.69 ± 68,389.0 | 15.27 ± 0.7 | 5 × 10−5 ± <0 | 78.03 ± 11.2 | 2.29 ± 1.3 | 31.24 ± 9.9 |
Country | Maximum Contaminant Level * | Reference(s) | ||
---|---|---|---|---|
iAs | Total Cd | Total Pb | ||
(ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | (ng g−1) | ||
Brazil | 150 | 50 | 50 | Ministry of Health [51] |
United States | 100 | - | - | U.S. FDA [6] |
European Union | 100 * | 40 | 50 | EC [55,56,57] |
3.2. Cancer Risk of Exposure to Non-Essential Elements in Infant Cereal
3.3. Non-Cancer Risk of Exposure to Essential and Non-Essential Elements in Infant Cereal
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Supplementary Materials
Author Contributions
Funding
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Parameter | Age Group | Reference(s) | |
---|---|---|---|
4 to <12 Months | 12 to <24 Months | ||
Body weight (kg) | 7.8 | 11.2 | IBGE [30] |
Exposure frequency (days/year) | 365 | 365 | Shibata et al. [4] |
Exposure duration (years) | 0.67 | 1 | Shibata et al. [4] |
Ingestion rate (g/day) | 31.2 | 94.08 | IBGE; U.S. EPA [31,32] |
Element | RfD | Data Source |
---|---|---|
(mg/kg·day) | ||
Ag | 5.0 × 10−3 | IRIS [35] |
Al | 1 * | ATSDR [36] |
As | 3.0 × 10−4 | IRIS [7] |
B | 2.0 × 10−1 | IRIS [37] |
Ba | 2.0 × 10−1 | IRIS [38] |
Cd ** | 1.1 × 10−5 | OEHHA [39] |
Co | 0.01 * | ATSDR [40] |
Cr | 1.50 | IRIS [41] |
Cu | 0.01 * | ATSDR [42] |
Mn ** | 3.0 × 10−2 | OEHHA [43] |
Ni ** | 1.1 × 10−2 | OEHHA [44] |
Pb *** | 3.5 × 10−3 | FAO [45] |
Se | 5.0 × 10−3 | IRIS [46] |
Sr | 6.0 × 10−1 | IRIS [47] |
Zn | 3.0 × 10−1 | IRIS [48] |
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Toledo, M.C.; Lee, J.S.; Batista, B.L.; Olympio, K.P.K.; Nardocci, A.C. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040381
Toledo MC, Lee JS, Batista BL, Olympio KPK, Nardocci AC. Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(4):381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040381
Chicago/Turabian StyleToledo, Michele C., Janice S. Lee, Bruno Lemos Batista, Kelly P. K. Olympio, and Adelaide C. Nardocci. 2024. "Essential and Toxic Elements in Infant Cereal in Brazil: Exposure Risk Assessment" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 4: 381. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21040381