Effects of a Single Session of Mindfulness and Compassion on Skin Temperature in Breast Cancer Survivors
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study 1. Individual Trial: Effect of Mindfulness and Compassionate Mindfulness on Skin Temperature
2.1.1. Participants
2.1.2. Instruments and Materials
2.1.3. Design and Procedure
Now I am going to ask you to take a couple of minutes to make yourself comfortable, calm, and collected. You can keep your eyes open or closed, however you prefer. I’ll let you know when we’re done.
2.2. Study 2. The Practice of Mindfulness and Compassionate Mindfulness on Skin Temperature in a Single Group Session
2.2.1. Participants
2.2.2. Instruments
2.2.3. Design and Procedure
3. Results
3.1. Study 1. Individual Mindfulness and Compassion on Skin Temperature
3.1.1. Mental Health and Psychosocial Measures
3.1.2. Thermal Effects of a Single Session of Compassionate Mindfulness and a Single Session of Mindful Breathing
3.2. Study 2. Psychosocial Measures and Skin Temperature
3.2.1. Mindfulness
3.2.2. Compassion
3.2.3. Stress
3.3. Core and Skin Temperature
3.4. Affection
3.5. Comparison of Skin Temperature between Female Cancer Survivors and Women without Disease
3.6. Thermal Image
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
- 1.
- Breathe deeply and close your eyes.
- 2.
- Recognize how things are for you at this moment, and when you are ready, begin to become aware of your body.
- 3.
- Bring to mind an image of a person you love, someone who easily evokes feelings of warmth and love.
- 4.
- Imagine telling them: may you be happy; may your mind and body be healthy. May you feel protected from all internal and external damage. May you have love and affection. May you experience inner peace.
- 5.
- Take a moment to feel what it’s like to want these things for him or her. Project these feelings onto yourself, letting the feelings of love and security fill you, knowing that there is nothing you can do to deserve these feelings and desires, which are given freely, without conditions.
- 6.
- Become aware that this is what you wish for yourself, and mentally repeat the following phrases: may I be happy, may my mind and body be healthy. May I feel safe and protected from all internal and external harm. May you have love and affection. May you experience inner peace.
- 7.
- Give yourself a few moments to return, feel yourself here, in this moment and when you feel ready, open your eyes.
Appendix B
- 1.
- I invite you to sit with your feet firmly on the ground and your back straight; close your eyes.
- 2.
- Bring your attention to your breathing and notice it with curiosity, as if you have never paid attention to your breathing.
- 3.
- Notice the air, entering through your nostrils and going down to the bottom of your lungs, and notice how it flows.
- 4.
- Notice the air entering and leaving your nostrils, notice how it is a little warmer as it leaves, and a little cooler as it enters.
- 5.
- Notice the subtle rise and fall of your shoulders, the gentle rise and fall of your chest, and the relaxing expansion and contraction of your abdomen.
- 6.
- Pay attention to one of these areas, whichever you prefer. The air enters and leaves the nasal passages. To the rise and fall of your chest. Or the movement of your abdomen.
- 7.
- Keep your attention there, noticing the movement in and out as you breathe.
- 8.
- Any feelings, impulses, or sensations that arise, whether pleasant or unpleasant, acknowledge them gently as if you were nodding your head to people passing by you on the street.
- 9.
- Gently acknowledge their presence and let them be. Allow them to come and go as they please.
- 10.
- Whatever thoughts, images, or memories arise, whether comfortable or uncomfortable, simply acknowledge them and allow them to be.
- 11.
- Let them come and go as they please and return your attention to your breathing.
- 12.
- From time to time your attention will wander as you get caught up in your thoughts, each time this happens, notice what distracted you and then bring your attention back to the breath.
- 13.
- No matter how often you stray, whether a hundred times or a thousand, your goal is simply to notice what distracted you and refocus on your breathing.
- 14.
- If frustration, boredom, anxiety, impatience, or other feelings arise. Simply acknowledge them and keep your attention on your breathing.
- 15.
- When you are ready, bring your attention back to the room. The time has come to return, you breathe deeply, inhale, and exhale. Little by little move your body, little by little move your hands, little by little, and gently open your eyes, to your time and your space.
- 16.
- Give yourself a few moments to return, move your body, and feel yourself here, in this moment.
Appendix C
- 1.
- Stop: Pause what you are doing or thinking. This is done to realize whether you are acting automatically.
- 2.
- Take a breath: Deep breathing focuses you on yourself and the present moment.
- 3.
- Observe your body: the physical sensations you are aware of, touch, sight, sounds, smells, and tastes, your emotions (what are you feeling right now?), and your thoughts (what interpretations are you making of your feelings and emotions?).
- 4.
- Proceed: continue with what you interrupted, making a conscious effort to incorporate what you just used.
Appendix D
- 1.
- Sit upright feel your feet firmly on the floor and cross your hands in front of your heart.
- 2.
- Visualize yourself as an innocent child or, if it is easier for you, any innocent child.
- 3.
- Be aware of your breathing. As you inhale, notice how your breath moves toward your chest and lower toward your abdomen. Then there is a small natural pause before releasing the air that rises upward and passes through the nostrils. However, if you have a cold, or for any other reason you must breathe through your mouth, open it slightly, and breathe gently. On the exhale, imagine that you are blowing on a spoonful of hot soup, and you don’t want to spill it; this will simulate nasal breathing. Continue to focus on your natural breathing for a while until you feel more and more comfortable.
- 4.
- Now start focusing on “the little child in your heart”. What would you like to say? Let compassionate, warm words and phrases arise in your mind as if you were trying to calm an angry child. I prefer not to say what language you should use. I just hope you can stay in your heart and let kind words emerge.
- 5.
- After a while, return to your breathing. Little by little, put your hands in your lap and continue breathing for a while longer.
- 6.
- Visualize yourself in your favorite safe place, such as a meadow, a room, or a garden.
- 7.
- Now watch as the person who creates a sense of security in you walks towards you with open arms. When they arrive, they hug you or hold your hands. Internally, listen to them say the words “security”, “protection”, and “peace”; or if you prefer, let them talk or sing you a relaxing lullaby.
- 8.
- Place your hand in the center of your heart and stay with this visualization for as long as you wish.
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Rodríguez, D.A.; Martínez, N.; Tepepa Flores, L.E.; Domínguez, B.; Cortés, P.; Chávez, A.L. Effects of a Single Session of Mindfulness and Compassion on Skin Temperature in Breast Cancer Survivors. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081064
Rodríguez DA, Martínez N, Tepepa Flores LE, Domínguez B, Cortés P, Chávez AL. Effects of a Single Session of Mindfulness and Compassion on Skin Temperature in Breast Cancer Survivors. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(8):1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081064
Chicago/Turabian StyleRodríguez, David A., Nadia Martínez, Li Erandi Tepepa Flores, Benjamín Domínguez, Patricia Cortés, and Ana L. Chávez. 2024. "Effects of a Single Session of Mindfulness and Compassion on Skin Temperature in Breast Cancer Survivors" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 8: 1064. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081064