Community-Based Mental Health Challenges and Implications: Examining Factors Influencing Distress and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Korean American Church Leaders and Members in Greater Los Angeles
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Factors Impacting Mental Distress and Help-Seeking Behavior
3. Korean American Churches and Community-Based Mental Health
4. Methodology
4.1. Participants and Procedures
4.2. Measures
4.2.1. Dependent Variables
4.2.2. Factors Impacting Mental Distress
4.3. Control Variables
4.4. Data Analysis
5. Results
5.1. Participant Characteristics
5.2. Bivariate Results
5.2.1. Church Leaders
5.2.2. Church Members
5.3. Multivariate Analyses
5.3.1. Church Leaders
5.3.2. Church Members
6. Discussion
6.1. Socio-Demographic and Health Variables
6.2. Acculturation
6.3. Informal Resource Utilization
6.4. Religious Coping
6.5. Resilience
6.6. Social Support
6.7. Informing Community-Based Interventions and Mental Health Promotion
6.8. Limitations
7. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Church Leaders | Church Members | |
---|---|---|
N (%) or M (SD) | N (%) or M (SD) | |
Age, years (19–90) | 55.93 (16.18) | 41.22 (SD = 19.96) |
Gender | ||
Female | 65 (59.1%) | 82 (61.7%) |
Male | 45 (40.9%) | 51 (38.3%) |
Generation | ||
1.5/2nd | 24 (21.8%) | 76 (57.1%) |
1st | 86 (78.2%) | 57 (42.9%) |
Marital Status | ||
Not married | 20 (18.2%) | 80 (60.2%) |
Married | 90 (81.8%) | 53 (39.8%) |
Education | ||
Highschool or less | 12 (10.9%) | 12 (9.0%) |
Some college or more | 98 (89.1%) | 121 (91.%) |
Employment | ||
Not employed | 57 (51.8%) | 68 (51.1%) |
Employed | 52 (47.3%) | 65 (48.9%) |
Income | ||
Not comfortable | 15 (13.6%) | 32 (24.1%) |
Comfortable | 95 (86.4%) | 101 (75.9%) |
Health Insurance | ||
No | 15 (13.6%) | 14 (10.6%) |
Yes | 95 (86.4%) | 118 (89.4%) |
Health Status (2–5) | 3.32 (0.94) | |
Coping Strategies | ||
Dealt with it myself | ||
No | 79 (71.8%) | 76 (57.1%) |
Yes | 31 (28.2%) | 57 (42.9%) |
Prayed | ||
No | 37 (33.6%) | 55 (41.4%) |
Yes | 73 (66.4%) | 78 (58.6%) |
Ignored it | ||
No | 104 (94.5%) | 122 (91.7%) |
Yes | 6 (5.5%) | 11 (8.3%) |
Exercised | ||
No | 89 (80.9%) | 62 (46.6%) |
Yes | 21 (19.1%) | 71 (53.4%) |
Confided in pastor/spiritual leader | ||
No | 100 (90.0%) | 113 (85.0%) |
Yes | 10 (9.1%) | 20 (15.0%) |
Confided in family/friends | ||
No | 62 (56.4%) | 62 (46.6%) |
Yes | 48 (43.6%) | 71 (53.4%) |
Acculturation (0–37) | 16.40 (10.28) | 19.13 (10.80) |
Religious Coping (12–25) | 20.91 (2.89) | 19.57 (SD = 3.88) |
Resiliency (0–40) | 28.63 (6.96) | 27.56 (SD = 6.99) |
Social Support (3–30) | 18.14 (5.64) | 18.43 (SD = 5.45) |
Church Leaders | Church Members | |||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Anxiety | Depression | Anxiety | Depression | |||||
M (SD) | t or r | M (SD) | t or r | M (SD) | t or r | M (SD) | t or r | |
Age, years (24–84) | 0.11 | 0.07 | 0.25 ** | 0.04 | ||||
Gender | ||||||||
Female | 1.57 (0.55) | 0.23 | 1.61 (0.46) | 0.36 | 1.60 (0.52) | 1.83 | 1.75 (0.44) | 0.29 |
Male | 1.54 (0.54) | 1.57 (0.51) | 1.43 (0.47) | 1.73 (0.52) | ||||
Generation | ||||||||
1.5/2nd | 1.47 (0.58) | −0.88 | 1.59 (0.52) | −0.04 | 1.45 (0.46) | −2.23 * | 1.73 (0.47) | −0.41 |
1st | 1.58 (0.55) | 1.60 (0.47) | 1.64 (0.55) | 1.77 (0.47) | ||||
Marital Status | ||||||||
Not married | 1.51 (0.58) | −0.42 | 1.68 (0.55) | 0.83 | 1.46 (0.47) | −2.12 * | 1.75 (0.47) | −0.03 |
Married | 1.57 (0.55) | 1.58 (0.46) | 1.65 (0.55) | 1.75 (0.48) | ||||
Education | ||||||||
Highschool or less | 1.38 (0.42) | −1.23 | 1.31 (0.32) | −2.24 * | 1.81 (0.62) | 1.99 * | 1.82 (0.69) | 0.39 |
Some college or more | 1.58 (0.56) | 1.63 (0.49) | 1.51 (0.49) | 1.74 (0.45) | ||||
Employment | ||||||||
Not employed | 1.59 (0.61) | 0.64 | 1.64 (0.50) | 1.15 | 1.59 (0.55) | 1.26 | 1.78 (0.51) | 0.75 |
Employed | 1.52 (0.49) | 1.54 (0.46) | 1.48 (0.46) | 1.71 (0.43) | ||||
Income | ||||||||
Not comfortable | 1.73 (0.55) | 1.32 | 1.71 (0.55) | 1.02 | 1.61 (0.54) | 0.92 | 1.91 (0.59) | 2.31 * |
Comfortable | 1.53 (0.55) | 1.58 (0.47) | 1.51 (0.50) | 1.70 (0.42) | ||||
Health Insurance | ||||||||
No | 1.50 (0.45) | −0.44 | 1.58 (0.58) | −0.14 | 1.55 (0.46) | 0.08 | 1.92 (0.49) | 1.40 |
Yes | 1.57 (0.57) | 1.60 (0.47) | 1.54 (0.52) | 1.73 (0.47) | ||||
Health Status (2–5) | −0.39 *** | −0.32 *** | −0.45 *** | (−)0.31 *** | ||||
Coping Strategies | ||||||||
Dealt with it myself | ||||||||
No | 1.48 (0.50) | −2.52 * | 1.52 (0.45) | −2.61 * | 1.53 (0.55) | −0.12 | 1.73 (0.52) | −0.34 |
Yes | 1.77 (0.62) | 1.78 (0.52) | 1.54 (0.46) | 1.76 (0.39) | ||||
Prayed | ||||||||
No | 1.70 (0.63) | 1.97 | 1.80 (0.53) | 3.38 *** | 1.53 (0.48) | −0.2 | 1.75 (0.44) | 0.1 |
Yes | 1.49 (0.50) | 1.49 (0.42) | 1.54 (0.53) | 1.74 (0.49) | ||||
Ignored it | ||||||||
No | 1.54 (0.54) | −1.25 | 1.57 (0.48) | −2.01 * | 1.53 (0.52) | −0.98 | 1.74 (0.47) | −0.64 |
Yes | 1.83 (0.68) | 1.97 (0.44) | 1.68 (0.37) | 1.83 (0.45) | ||||
Exercised | ||||||||
No | 1.59 (0.56) | 1.21 | 1.60 (0.49) | 0.49 | 1.49 (0.50) | −1.47 | 1.75 (0.49) | 0.17 |
Yes | 1.43 (0.50) | 1.55 (0.46) | 1.63 (0.52) | 1.73 (0.43) | ||||
Confided in pastor/spiritual leader | ||||||||
No | 1.57 (0.56) | 0.65 | 1.62 (0.49) | 2.59 * | 1.55 (0.51) | 0.48 | 1.77 (0.48) | 1.26 |
Yes | 1.45 (0.51) | 1.33 (0.31) | 1.49 (0.51) | 1.63 (0.39) | ||||
Confided in family/friends | ||||||||
No | 1.54 (0.59) | −0.32 | 1.62 (0.51) | 0.74 | 1.59 (0.50) | 1.17 | 1.75 (0.50) | 0.07 |
Yes | 1.58 (0.50) | 1.56 (0.45) | 1.49 (0.51) | 1.74 (0.45) | ||||
Acculturation (0–37) | −0.06 | −0.03 | −0.12 | 0.04 | ||||
Religious Coping (12–25) | −0.15 | −0.27 ** | −0.09 | −0.25 ** | ||||
Resiliency (0–40) | −0.36 *** | −0.41 *** | −0.30 *** | −0.32 *** | ||||
Social Support (3–30) | −0.13 | −0.19 * | −0.13 | −0.15 |
Anxiety | Depression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 *** | Step 2 *** | Step 1 *** | Step 2 *** | |
β | β | β | β | |
Age | 0.17 | 0.18 | 0.19 | 0.16 |
Generational Status | −0.04 | −0.02 | −0.12 | −0.09 |
Marital Status | 0.01 | 0.05 | −0.11 | −0.05 |
Educational Status | 0.21 | 0.17 | 0.29 | 0.26 ** |
Income | −0.08 | −0.1 | −0.09 | −0.60 |
Health | −0.42 *** | −0.34 *** | −0.37 *** | −0.24 ** |
Dealt with it Myself | 0.25 ** | 0.21 * | ||
Prayed | −0.60 | −0.16 | ||
Ignored it | 0.06 | 0.13 | ||
Talked to Pastor/Spiritual Leader | −0.01 | −0.11 | ||
Religious Coping | 0.09 | −0.08 | ||
Resiliency | −0.22 * | −0.22 * | ||
Social Support | 0.01 | −0.03 | ||
R2 | 0.21 | 0.34 | 0.21 | 0.41 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.17 | 0.25 | 0.16 | 0.33 |
ΔR2 | 0.13 | 0.20 | ||
F-statistic | 4.64 | 3.78 | 4.50 | 5.16 |
Anxiety | Depression | |||
---|---|---|---|---|
Step 1 *** | Step 2 *** | Step 1 * | Step 2 ** | |
β | β | β | β | |
Age | 0.15 | 0.19 | 0.02 | 0.03 |
Generational Status | −0.02 | 0.00 | −0.03 | −0.02 |
Marital Status | 0.08 | 0.10 | 0.02 | 0.01 |
Educational Status | 0.02 | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.08 |
Income | −0.02 | −0.01 | −0.15 | −0.15 |
Health | −0.42 *** | −0.36 *** | −0.30 ** | −0.20 * |
Dealt with it Myself | 0.09 | 0.06 | ||
Prayed | 0.07 | 0.15 | ||
Ignored it | 0.11 | 0.03 | ||
Talked to Pastor/Spiritual Leader | −0.03 | −0.12 | ||
Religious Coping | 0.05 | −0.23 * | ||
Resiliency | −0.18 | −0.21 * | ||
Social Support | 0.06 | −0.01 | ||
R2 | 0.24 | 0.20 | 0.12 | 0.23 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.20 | 0.20 | 0.08 | 0.15 |
ΔR2 | 0.04 | 0.11 | ||
F-statistic | 6.59 | 3.60 | 2.83 | 2.72 |
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Share and Cite
Baek, K.; Bell, C.; Montgomery, S.B.; Ortiz, L.; Kumar, A.; Alemi, Q. Community-Based Mental Health Challenges and Implications: Examining Factors Influencing Distress and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Korean American Church Leaders and Members in Greater Los Angeles. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081094
Baek K, Bell C, Montgomery SB, Ortiz L, Kumar A, Alemi Q. Community-Based Mental Health Challenges and Implications: Examining Factors Influencing Distress and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Korean American Church Leaders and Members in Greater Los Angeles. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(8):1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081094
Chicago/Turabian StyleBaek, Kelly, Christi Bell, Susanne B. Montgomery, Larry Ortiz, Akinchita Kumar, and Qais Alemi. 2024. "Community-Based Mental Health Challenges and Implications: Examining Factors Influencing Distress and Help-Seeking Behaviors among Korean American Church Leaders and Members in Greater Los Angeles" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 8: 1094. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081094