Effectiveness of a Social-Media-Based Diet and Physical Activity Programme for Fathers in Japan: A Randomised Controlled Trial
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Participants
2.3. Intervention
2.4. Measures
2.4.1. Demographic Variables
2.4.2. Primary Outcome
2.4.3. Secondary Outcomes
2.4.4. Process Evaluation
2.5. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Baseline Data
3.2. Changes in the Primary Outcomes
3.3. Changes in the Secondary Outcomes
3.4. Process Evaluation
4. Discussion
4.1. Changes in Dietary Awareness and Behaviour
4.2. Changes in Physical Activity Awareness and Behaviour
4.3. Changes in Healthcare Awareness and Behaviour
4.4. Changes in Children’s Interest in Lifestyle
4.5. Process Evaluation
4.6. Strengths and Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
References
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Content Focus | Tools | Content Detail | Component |
---|---|---|---|
Healthy lifestyle behaviour | Online video | Introducing the programme and researchers | Social support Knowledge |
Programme objectives | |||
Quiz on lifestyle associations between fathers and children | |||
Handbook | Factors influencing children’s lifestyles | Social support Knowledge Outcome expectations | |
Importance of children’s lifestyles | |||
Importance of reflecting on father-child lifestyles | |||
Changes in fathers lead to changes in children | |||
Lifestyle-related diseases | Online video | Quiz on the benefits of weight loss | Behavioural intentions Knowledge Behavioural capability |
Weight control guidelines and methods | |||
Monitor weight regularly | |||
Health literacy (how to find the correct information) | |||
Handbook | Review of father-child lifestyles | Social support Knowledge Outcome expectations Self-efficacy | |
What are lifestyle diseases? | |||
The difference between obesity and metabolic syndrome | |||
How to manage weight | |||
Children’s health issues | |||
Children’s sleep and screen time | |||
Healthy diet | Online video | (1) Quiz on a balanced diet | Behavioural intentions Knowledge Behavioural capability |
Monitoring the contents of daily meals | |||
Specific ways to achieve a balanced diet | |||
(2) Quiz on seasonal vegetables | |||
Monitoring the vegetable intake | |||
Benefits of ‘eating with children’ | |||
Handbook | Review of the daily eating habits | Social support Knowledge Outcome expectations Self-efficacy Behavioural intentions | |
Current dietary habits | |||
What is a balanced diet? | |||
Benefits of a balanced diet | |||
Benefits of eating more vegetables | |||
Recommended vegetable intake | |||
Vegetable recipes to enjoy together | |||
Daily energy requirements | |||
Timing and choice of meals | |||
Appropriate amount and timing of snacks | |||
Healthy physical activity | Online video | (1) Quiz on energy expenditure during physical activity | Behavioural intentions Knowledge Behavioural capability |
Key to increasing usual activity by 10 min | |||
Begin with physical activity that matches the lifestyle | |||
(2) Sedentary time quiz | |||
Monitoring of sedentary time | |||
Exercises for father and child | |||
Handbook | Review of the daily activity level | Social support Knowledge Outcome expectations Self-efficacy Behavioural intentions | |
Recommended levels of physical activity | |||
Benefits of physical activity | |||
What is physical activity? | |||
What is Plus Ten? | |||
Plus Ten to work on as a family | |||
Physical activity for children’s development | |||
The key to getting the child active |
Characteristics | Intervention (n = 46) | Control (n = 43) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | SD | Mean | SD | ||
Fathers age (years) | 42.71 | 5.2 | 43.33 | 5.6 | |
Family type, n (%) | Nuclear family | 40 | 87 | 40 | 93 |
Extended family | 4 | 8.7 | 3 | 7.0 | |
Other | 2 | 4.3 | 0 | 0.0 | |
Educational background, n (%) | Highschool | 5 | 10.9 | 5 | 11.6 |
Educational background, n (%) | Vocational school | 5 | 10.9 | 7 | 16.3 |
Educational background, n (%) | University | 27 | 58.7 | 24 | 55.8 |
Graduate school | 9 | 19.6 | 7 | 16.3 | |
Underlying disease (allow multiple answers), n (%) | No problem | 21 | 45.7 | 23 | 53.5 |
Underlying disease (allow multiple answers), n (%) | Obesity | 10 | 21.7 | 13 | 30.2 |
Underlying disease (allow multiple answers), n (%) | Hypertension | 7 | 15.2 | 7 | 16.3 |
Underlying disease (allow multiple answers), n (%) | Hyperlipidaemia | 7 | 15.2 | 5 | 11.6 |
Diabetes | 1 | 2.2 | 1 | 2.3 | |
Other | 6 | 13.0 | 5 | 11.6 |
Intervention | Control | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 35 | N = 38 | |||||||||||||||||
T0 | T1 | T2 | T0 | T1 | T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | |||||||||||
Variables | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | p a | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | p a | p b | r | p b | r |
Behavioural change stages in diet c | ||||||||||||||||||
Awareness of improved eating habits | 4.00 | [2.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [2.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 0.399 | 3.00 | [3.00, 5.25] | 5.00 | [2.50, 5.50] | 4.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 0.852 | 0.536 | 0.464 | ||
Dietary awareness and behaviours d | ||||||||||||||||||
I know about a balanced diet | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.75, 4.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.000 | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.637 | 0.016 | 0.290 | 0.010 | 0.310 |
I know the recommended daily intake of energy | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.50, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.546 | 0.029 | 0.260 | 0.166 | |
I know the guidelines for adequate daily vegetable intake | 2.00 | [1.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 2.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.047 | 0.007 | 0.320 | 0.000 | 0.420 |
I know the recommended amount of snacks per day | 2.00 | [1.00, 3.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 2.00 | [2.00, 3.00] | 2.00 | [1.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.006 | 0.007 | 0.320 | 0.019 | 0.280 |
I eat at least two meals a day, including a main course, a main dish and a side dish | 4.00 | [2.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.114 | 4.00 | [2.75, 5.00] | 4.00 | [2.50, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.559 | 0.317 | 0.380 | ||
Number of vegetable dishes per day | 2.00 | [1.00, 3.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.001 | 2.00 | [1.00, 3.00] | 2.00 | [1.00, 2.50] | 2.00 | [1.00, 3.00] | 0.603 | 0.005 | 0.340 | 0.076 | |
I choose my meals with energy in mind | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 5.00] | 0.015 | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.017 | 0.922 | 0.956 | ||
I eat breakfast every day | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.468 | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.125 | 0.195 | 0.203 | ||
I try to avoid fatty foods as much as possible | 2.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.75, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.001 | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.045 | 0.156 | 0.370 | ||
I try not to eat too much salt | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.042 | 0.187 | 0.682 | ||
I consider energy and time of day when snacking | 2.00 | [1.00, 3.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.25] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 2.50 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.216 | 0.025 | 0.270 | 0.023 | 0.270 |
Behavioural change stages in physical activity c | ||||||||||||||||||
Awareness of improved physical activity habits | 3.00 | [2.00, 5.00] | 4.50 | [3.00, 6.00] | 5.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 0.000 | 3.00 | [3.00, 5.25] | 4.00 | [3.00, 6.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 6.00] | 0.413 | 0.082 | 0.041 | 0.240 | |
Physical activity awareness and behaviours d | ||||||||||||||||||
I know the recommended amount of physical activity | 2.00 | [1.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 2.50 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.079 | 0.002 | 0.360 | 0.010 | 0.310 |
Total daily physical activity (METs) | 36.50 | [35.0, 37.3] | 36.13 | [34.6, 36.7] | 38.50 | [37.0, 41.8] | 0.000 | 35.75 | [33.3, 37.3] | 35.75 | [33.3, 36.5] | 38.50 | [37.8, 40.3] | 0.000 | 0.627 | 0.771 | ||
Healthcare awareness and behaviours d | ||||||||||||||||||
I know my correct weight | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.034 | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.982 | 0.149 | 0.101 | ||
I know my current BMI | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.113 | 4.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [2.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 0.284 | 0.123 | 0.385 | ||
I know my weight management guidelines and methods | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.000 | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.50, 5.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.245 | 0.025 | 0.270 | 0.007 | 0.320 |
I check my weight regularly | 4.00 | [4.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.75, 4.25] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.219 | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.50, 5.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 0.358 | 0.190 | 0.784 |
Intervention | Control | |||||||||||||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
N = 35 | N = 38 | |||||||||||||||||
T0 | T1 | T2 | T0 | T1 | T2 | T0–T1 | T0–T2 | |||||||||||
Variables | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | p a | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | Med | [IQR] | p a | p b | r | p b | r |
Children’s diet | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest in my child’s diets c | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.007 | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.622 | 0.061 | 0.156 | ||
My child eats breakfast every day d | 5.00 | [5.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [5.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [5.00, 5.00] | 0.819 | 5.00 | [5.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [5.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [5.00, 5.00] | 0.097 | 0.459 | 0.988 | ||
I make sure that your child does noteat too many sweets d | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.223 | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 0.654 | 0.230 | 0.886 | ||
I make sure your child does not eat too much oily food d | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [3.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.199 | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.294 | 0.658 | 0.787 | ||
Children’s physical activity | ||||||||||||||||||
Interest in my child’s exercise habits c | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 5.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.006 | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 4.00 | [4.00, 5.00] | 0.395 | 0.254 | 0.125 | ||
I know the recommended daily amount of physical activity d | 2.00 | [1.00, 2.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 2.00 | [1.75, 3.00] | 2.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.062 | 0.000 | 0.460 | 0.000 | 0.440 |
Frequency of physical activity outside of PE on weekdays e | 2.00 | [2.00, 3.00] | 2.50 | [2.00, 3.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 3.00] | 0.984 | 2.00 | [2.00, 3.00] | 2.00 | [2.00, 3.00] | 2.00 | [2.00, 3.00] | 0.703 | 0.790 | 0.950 | ||
Frequency of physical activity during holidays f | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.760 | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.747 | 0.380 | 0.800 | ||
Children’s screen time | ||||||||||||||||||
Time spent using computers and smartphones for purposes other than learning g | 2.00 | [2.00, 3.00] | 3.00 | [1.75, 3.00] | 3.00 | [1.00, 4.00] | 0.840 | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.759 | 0.970 | 0.820 | ||
Child health care | ||||||||||||||||||
I know my child’s correct weight c | 2.00 | [1.00, 3.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 4.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.000 | 2.00 | [1.75, 4.00] | 2.00 | [1.00, 4.00] | 3.00 | [2.00, 4.00] | 0.033 | 0.001 | 0.400 | 0.001 | 0.380 |
Changes in Health Awareness | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
No | Yes | |||||
n | % | n | % | p-Value a | ||
Number of video views | a lot | 3 | 21.4 | 14 | 70.0 | 0.013 |
less | 11 | 78.6 | 6 | 30.0 | ||
Impact on the family members | yes | 0 | 0.0 | 10 | 50.0 | 0.002 |
no | 14 | 100 | 10 | 50.0 |
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© 2024 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
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Maruyama, K.; Morita, K. Effectiveness of a Social-Media-Based Diet and Physical Activity Programme for Fathers in Japan: A Randomised Controlled Trial. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081104
Maruyama K, Morita K. Effectiveness of a Social-Media-Based Diet and Physical Activity Programme for Fathers in Japan: A Randomised Controlled Trial. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(8):1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081104
Chicago/Turabian StyleMaruyama, Kayo, and Kumiko Morita. 2024. "Effectiveness of a Social-Media-Based Diet and Physical Activity Programme for Fathers in Japan: A Randomised Controlled Trial" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 8: 1104. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21081104