Time-Use Sequences: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring How, When, and Where Spatiotemporal Patterns of Everyday Routines Can Strengthen Public Health Interventions
Abstract
:1. Background
1.1. Advancements in Behavior Change Interventions
1.2. Limitations of Behavior Change Interventions
1.3. Methods to Assess Contexts Influencing Behaviors
- (1)
- Investigate spatiotemporal contexts about patients’ day-to-day health activities;
- (2)
- Explore how interventions can use spatiotemporal information about patients’ day-to-day health activities to overcome challenges to physical activity within clinical interventions.
2. Methods
2.1. Study Design
2.2. Geo-Ethnography Techniques
2.3. Research Setting
2.4. Patient Recruitment and Data Collection
2.5. Ethical Approval
2.6. Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Sequencing and Visualization of Time-Use Patterns
3.2. What Are Spatiotemporal Contexts of Patients’ Day-to-Day Health Activities?
3.3. Spatiotemporal Characteristics of Patients’ Time-Use Patterns
3.4. How Can Interventions Use Spatiotemporal Information about Patients’ Day-to-Day Health Activities?
3.5. Characterizing Heterogeneity of Patients’ Time-Use Patterns
3.6. Characterizing the Space-Time Continuum of Where Activities Occur
4. Discussion
4.1. Clinical Relevance of Time-Use Patterns
4.2. Strengthening Behavior Change Interventions
5. Limitations
6. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Abbreviations
CVD | cardiovascular disease |
EMA | ecological momentary assessment |
GPS | global positioning system |
METs | metabolic equivalents scores |
PA | physical activity |
MVPA | moderate-to-vigorous physical activity |
Appendix A
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Layer Name | Feature Class | Field ID | Value ID | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Patient ID | Point | ID | P01–P29 | |
Neighborhood | Polygon | Neighborhood | P01–P29 | |
Activity | Point | Activity | Walking | Running/Jogging |
Bicycling | Yoga/Stretching | |||
Strength Training | Playing Sport | |||
Swimming | Gardening | |||
Housework | Watching TV | |||
Cooking/Baking | Shopping | |||
Point | Food | Grocery Store | Restaurant | |
Fast Food | Local Market | |||
Convenience Store | Specialty Store | |||
Bar/Brewery | Meal at Home | |||
Café | ||||
Point | Social | Family | Friends | |
Point | Occupational | Employment | Volunteer | |
Caregiver | ||||
Point | Place of Exercise | Gym Membership | Park | |
Community Rec Centre | Home | |||
Mall/Shopping Centre | Senior Centre | |||
Outdoor place | Home Condo Facilities | |||
Point | Healthcare | Healthcare Appointment | Hospital | |
Transportation | Point | Mode of Transportation | Car | Public Bus |
Walk | Bike | |||
Home | Point | Dwelling Type | House | Condo |
Apartment |
Patient Characteristics | n | % |
---|---|---|
Age | ||
45–54 | 7 | 24% |
55–64 | 7 | 24% |
65–74 | 9 | 31% |
75–84 | 6 | 21% |
Sex | ||
Male | 19 | 66% |
Female | 10 | 34% |
Education Level | ||
High school | 5 | 18% |
College/trades | 12 | 41% |
University/graduate degree | 12 | 41% |
Marital Status | ||
Married/common law | 22 | 76% |
Single/widow | 7 | 24% |
Household Composition | ||
Alone | 7 | 24% |
With partner | 15 | 52% |
Partner and children | 7 | 24% |
Employment Status | ||
Part time | 2 | 7% |
Full time | 15 | 52% |
Retired | 12 | 41% |
Smoking Status | ||
No | 14 | 48.5% |
Current smoker | 1 | 3% |
Previous smoker | 14 | 48.5% |
Reason for Referral | ||
Prevention—no comorbidity | 2 | 7% |
Heart attack/stroke—no comorbidity | 14 | 48.5% |
Heart attack—comorbidities | 13 | 44.5% |
Term | Definition |
---|---|
Sleep (S) | Sleep routine is an important component of health that affects attention, behavior, memory, and overall mental and physical health. Not getting enough quality sleep is linked to a wide variety of health problems, including obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, and depression [48]. Canadian guidelines recommend getting 7 to 9 h of quality sleep on a regular basis, with consistent bed and wake-up times [48,50]. |
Sedentary Behavior (SED) | Sedentary behavior is any waking behavior characterized by very low energy expenditure below 1.5 METs (i.e., less than 1.5 times the intensity of rest) while standing, sitting, reclining, or lying down [48,49,50]. Canadian guidelines recommend limiting sedentary time to 8 h or less, including no more than 3 h of recreational screen time and breaking up long periods of sitting as often as possible [48,50]. |
Light Physical Activity (LT) | Light intensity activities require low levels of energy and effort performed between 1.5 and 3 METs (i.e., greater than 1.5 but less than 3 times the intensity of rest). Light physical activity includes walking at a slower pace, standing work, or light housework [48]. Canadian guidelines recommend getting at least 3 h of light physical activity per day [48]. |
Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity (MV) | Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity is movement that requires substantial energy expenditure above resting levels performed above 3 METs (i.e., greater than 3 times the intensity of rest) [48]. Moderate-to-vigorous physical activity includes a variety of activities and intensities, like swimming, brisk walking, jogging, rowing, weightlifting, or bicycling. Canadian guidelines recommend participating in at least 30 min per day or 150 min per week of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity [48,50]. |
n | Av. Time | ||
---|---|---|---|
(m, f) | (Range) | Av.% | |
Sleep | |||
≥7 h Minimum Guideline | 26 | 8.25 | 34% |
(17, 9) | (7–10) | ||
<7 h Minimum Guideline | 3 | 6.25 | 26% |
(2, 1) | (6–6.5) | ||
Total Sleep Activity | 29 | 8 | 33% |
(19, 10) | (6–10) | ||
Sedentary Activity | |||
≥8 h Maximum Guideline | 24 | 12.25 | 51% |
(17, 7) | (8.5–15.5) | ||
<8 h Maximum Guideline | 5 | 5.4 | 22% |
(2, 3) | (1–8) | ||
Total Sedentary Activity | 29 | 11 | 46% |
(19, 10) | (1–15.5) | ||
Employment from Home | 6 | 7 | 29% |
(3, 3) | (5–9) | ||
Employment from Worksite | 5 | 8 | 33% |
(4, 1) | (7–8.5) | ||
Watching Television | 27 | 3.5 | 14% |
(18, 9) | (1–8) | ||
Reading | 19 | 2 | 8% |
(14, 5) | (0.5–3.5) | ||
Social Activities | 4 | 1.6 | 7% |
(3, 1) | (1–2.5) | ||
Light Physical Activity | |||
≥3 h Minimum Guideline | 14 | 6.25 | 26% |
(8, 6) | (4–14) | ||
<3 h Minimum Guideline | 15 | 1.4 | 6% |
(11, 4) | (0–2.5) | ||
Total Light Physical Activity | 29 | 3.7 | 15% |
(19, 10) | (0–14) | ||
Employment from Worksite | 4 | 9.75 | 40% |
(2, 2) | (7–14) | ||
House Chores/Labor | 17 | 2 | 8% |
(11, 6) | (1–2.5) | ||
Moderate-to-Vigorous Physical Activity (MVPA) | |||
≥30 min Minimum Guideline | 24 | 1.5 | 6% |
(16, 8) | (0.5–5.5) | ||
<30 min Minimum Guideline | 5 | 0 | 0% |
(3, 2) | |||
Total MVPA | 29 | 1.2 | 5% |
(19, 10) | (0.5–4.5) | ||
Walking | 22 | 1.2 | 5% |
(15, 7) | (0.5–4.5) | ||
Exercise Class | 3 | 1.5 | 6% |
(1, 2) | (0.5–2) | ||
Golf | 1 | 4 | 16% |
(0, 1) |
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Barber, B.V.; Kephart, G.; Vallis, M.; Matthews, S.A.; Martin-Misener, R.; Rainham, D.G. Time-Use Sequences: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring How, When, and Where Spatiotemporal Patterns of Everyday Routines Can Strengthen Public Health Interventions. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091128
Barber BV, Kephart G, Vallis M, Matthews SA, Martin-Misener R, Rainham DG. Time-Use Sequences: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring How, When, and Where Spatiotemporal Patterns of Everyday Routines Can Strengthen Public Health Interventions. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(9):1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091128
Chicago/Turabian StyleBarber, Brittany V., George Kephart, Michael Vallis, Stephen A. Matthews, Ruth Martin-Misener, and Daniel G. Rainham. 2024. "Time-Use Sequences: A Mixed-Methods Study Exploring How, When, and Where Spatiotemporal Patterns of Everyday Routines Can Strengthen Public Health Interventions" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9: 1128. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091128