Risk Factors for Food Insecurity among Early Childhood Education Providers: Time for a Solution
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Study Participants
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
- Y = food insecurity;
- α is the intercept;
- x1 = income [coded in the following categories: <USD 20,000 (reference category); USD 20,000–USD 29,999; USD 30,000–USD 39,999; USD 40,000–USD 49,999; USD 50,000–USD 59,999; and ≥USD 60,000];
- x2 = race [coded in the following categories: white (reference category); Black, Hispanic, AAHNPI/AIAN, and other; 2 or more races];
- x3 = experiencing increases in food costs (coded in the following categories: yes or no);
- x4 = types of child care provider [coded in the following categories: license-exempt child care (reference category); family child care];
- x5 = educational attainment [coded in the following categories: 4-year college degree (reference category); less than a high school degree; high school degree or graduate equivalency degree (GED); attended college, but have not graduated; two-year college degree];
- x6 = age [coded in the following categories: 60 and over (reference category); <18–29 y; 30–39 y; 40–49 y; 50–59 y];
- x7 = language spoken at home [coded in the following categories: English (reference category); Spanish; other; and bi-lingual];
- x8 = type of meal provision at child care program [coded in the following categories: Other (reference category); breakfast, lunch, dinner, supper, snack(s); breakfast, lunch, snack(s)];
- x9 = utilization of additional resources to support meal services (coded in the following categories: yes, no);
- x10 = participation in California’s child care programs (coded in the following categories: yes, no).
3. Results
3.1. Univariate Analyses
3.2. Multivariate Analyses
4. Discussion
4.1. Limitations
4.2. Public Health Implications
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Family Child Care Provider (n = 1123) | License-Exempt Child Care Provider (n = 300) | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n (Row%) | n (Row%) | ||
Age (years) | 0.001 ** | ||
Under 18 | 14 (1.3) | 5 (1.7) | |
18–29 | 65 (5.8) | 39 (13) | |
30–39 | 178 (15.9) | 50 (16.7) | |
40–49 | 266 (23.8) | 67 (22.4) | |
50–59 | 375 (33.6) | 85 (28.4) | |
60 and over | 218 (19.5) | 53 (17.7) | |
Education | <0.001 ** | ||
Less than a high school degree | 148 (13.4) | 36 (12.2) | |
High school degree or graduate equivalency degree | 289 (26.1) | 119 (40.2) | |
Attended college, but have not graduated | 348 (31.4) | 86 (29.1) | |
Two-year college degree | 161 (14.5) | 30 (10.1) | |
Four-year college degree | 162 (14.6) | 25 (8.4) | |
Race | 0.004 ** | ||
White | 204 (18.3) | 33 (11.1) | |
Black | 278 (25) | 90 (30.3) | |
Asian | 34 (3.1) | 2 (0.7) | |
Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander (NW/PI) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | |
American Indian or Alaska Native (AI/AN) | 2 (0.2) | 1 (0.3) | |
Hispanic | 287 (25.8) | 87 (29.3) | |
Other | 18 (1.6) | 0 (0) | |
Bi-racial | 278 (25) | 79 (26.6) | |
Multi-racial | 9 (0.8) | 4 (1.3) | |
Household income | <0.001 ** | ||
<USD 20,000 | 272 (26) | 122 (41.9) | |
USD 20,000–USD 29,999 | 190 (18.1) | 64 (22) | |
USD 30,000–USD 39,999 | 152 (14.5) | 39 (13.4) | |
USD 40,000–USD 49,999 | 111 (10.6) | 21 (7.2) | |
USD 50,000–USD 59,999 | 86 (8.2) | 18 (6.2) | |
USD 60,000–USD 69,999 | 53 (5.1) | 9 (3.1) | |
USD 70,000–USD 79,999 | 68 (6.5) | 12 (4.1) | |
>USD 79,999 | 115 (11) | 6 (2.1) | |
Language spoken at home | <0.001 ** | ||
English | 735 (66.2) | 230 (77.2) | |
Spanish | 233 (21) | 55 (18.5) | |
Bi-lingual | 103 (9.3) | 11 (3.7) | |
Other 5 | 40 (3.6) | 2 (0.7) | |
Age of children living at home 1 | |||
No children | 439 (39.1) | 130 (43.3) | 0.183 |
Under 6 years old | 219 (19.5) | 68 (22.7) | 0.225 |
6–18 years old | 450 (40.1) | 112 (37.3) | 0.389 |
9 years or older | 167 (14.9) | 31 (10.3) | 0.044 * |
Type of meal provision at child care 2 | |||
Breakfast | 1029 (91.6) | 250 (83.3) | <0.001 ** |
Lunch | 1077 (95.9) | 273 (91) | <0.001 ** |
Dinner | 828 (73.7) | 192 (64) | <0.001 ** |
Snacks | 1037 (92.3) | 281 (93.7) | 0.436 |
Utilization of additional resources to support meal provision | |||
Child and Adult Care Food Program | 289 (25.7) | 11 (3.7) | <0.001 ** |
Free groceries (from churches, food banks, etc.) | 169 (15) | 68 (22.7) | 0.002 ** |
Free meals (from schools, child care centers, or other locations) | 323 (28.8) | 106 (35.3) | 0.028 * |
Experienced increased costs of food for household and/or child care | |||
Yes | 1047 (94.2) | 278 (92.7) | 0.342 |
Participation in subsidized child care programs 6 | |||
Yes | 543 (49.7) | 121 (41.2) | 0.009 * |
Worried about food shortage in household and/or child care 3 | 0.319 | ||
Often True | 240 (21.8) | 66 (22.1) | |
Sometimes True | 562 (51) | 164 (54.8) | |
Never True | 301 (27.3) | 69 (23.1) | |
Experienced Food Shortage And Inability To Buy More For Household And/Or Child Care 4 | 0.542 | ||
Often True | 134 (12.2) | 43 (14.4) | |
Sometimes True | 478 (43.5) | 130 (43.6) | |
Never True | 487 (44.3) | 125 (41.9) |
Predictor | Coefficient | OR (S.E.) | 95% CI | p |
---|---|---|---|---|
Income (>USD 60,000 = ref category) | - | - | - | 0.005 * |
<USD 20,000 | 0.059 | 1.06 (0.272) | 1.38–3.26 | 0.829 |
USD 20,000–29,999 | 0.120 | 1.13 (0.256) | 1.23–3.03 | 0.639 |
USD 30,000–39,999 | 0.257 | 1.29 (0.230) | 0.824–2.03 | 0.264 |
USD 40,000–49,999 | 0.660 | 1.94 (0.229) | 0.683–1.86 | 0.004 * |
USD 50,000–59,999 | 0.751 | 2.12 (0.220) | 0.623–1.81 | <0.001 * |
Race (white = ref category) | - | - | - | 0.017 ** |
Black | 0.634 | 1.89 (0.226) | 1.21–2.94 | 0.005 * |
Hispanic | 0.167 | 1.18 (0.228) | 0.755–1.85 | 0.466 |
AANHPI, AI/AN, Other 2 | 0.577 | 1.78 (0.379) | 0.848–3.74 | 0.128 |
2 or more races | 0.534 | 1.71 (0.225) | 1.1–2.65 | 0.018 ** |
Experiencing increases in food costs | 1.51 | 4.52 (0.255) | 2.74–7.45 | <0.001 * |
Type of child care provider (license-exempt) = ref category) 3 | −0.035 | 0.966 (0.180) | 0.679–1.37 | 0.845 |
Educational attainment (four-year college degree = ref category) | - | - | - | 0.57 |
Less than a high school degree | −0.454 | 0.635 (0.305) | 0.349–1.16 | 0.137 |
High school degree or GED 4 | −0.245 | 0.783 (0.248) | 0.481–1.27 | 0.323 |
Attended college, but have not graduated | −0.283 | 0.754 (0.236) | 0.475–1.2 | 0.231 |
Two-year college degree | −0.375 | 0.688 (0.267) | 0.407–1.16 | 0.16 |
Age (60 and over = ref category) | - | - | - | 0.751 |
<18–29 | 0.986 | 0.986 (0.301) | 0.547–1.78 | 0.963 |
30–39 | 1.14 | 1.14 (0.241) | 0.71–1.83 | 0.587 |
40–49 | 0.898 | 0.898 (0.210) | 0.594–1.36 | 0.609 |
50–59 | 1.13 | 1.13 (0.200) | 0.761–1.67 | 0.549 |
Language spoken at home (English = ref category) | - | - | - | 0.155 |
Spanish | 0.696 | 0.696 (0.205) | 0.466–1.04 | 0.077 |
Other and bi-lingual | 1.10 | 1.1 (0.242) | 0.683–1.76 | 0.699 |
Type of meal provision at child care program (Other = ref category) | - | - | - | 0.372 |
Breakfast, lunch, dinner/supper, snack(s) | 0.830 | 0.830 (0.214) | 0.546–1.26 | 0.384 |
Breakfast, lunch, snack(s) | 0.716 | 0.716 (0.239) | 0.449–1.14 | 0.163 |
Utilization of additional resources to support meal service 5 | 0.861 | 0.861 (0.144) | 0.648–1.14 | 0.298 |
Participation in California’s subsidized child care programs | −0.150 | 0.808 (0.150) | 0.602–1.09 | 0.156 |
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Herman, D.R.; Shodahl, S.; Wilhalme, H. Risk Factors for Food Insecurity among Early Childhood Education Providers: Time for a Solution. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091131
Herman DR, Shodahl S, Wilhalme H. Risk Factors for Food Insecurity among Early Childhood Education Providers: Time for a Solution. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(9):1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091131
Chicago/Turabian StyleHerman, Dena R., Skye Shodahl, and Holly Wilhalme. 2024. "Risk Factors for Food Insecurity among Early Childhood Education Providers: Time for a Solution" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9: 1131. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091131