The Effect of Periodontitis on Body Size Phenotypes in Adults without Diagnosed Chronic Diseases: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Study Population
2.2. Measurement and Classification of Variables
2.2.1. Body Size Phenotype
2.2.2. Periodontitis
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Demographic and Clinical Characteristics
3.2. Clinical Characteristics and Periodontal Status According to Body Size Phenotype
3.3. Association between Periodontal Status and Body Size Phenotype
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Conflicts of Interest
References
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No Periodontitis | Mild Periodontitis | Severe Periodontitis | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | 5436 (74.5) | 1318 (18.1) | 547 (7.5) | |
Sex (male, %) | 40.0 | 52.7 | 62.0 | 0.000 |
Age (years) | 38.51 ± 0.22 | 48.03 ± 0.42 | 52.23 ± 0.47 | 0.000 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 23.26 ± 0.06 | 24.10 ± 0.10 | 24.13 ± 0.13 | 0.000 |
WC (cm) | 79.13 ± 0.17 | 82.60 ± 0.29 | 83.18 ± 0.38 | 0.000 |
SBP (mmHg) | 112.1 ± 0.23 | 117.51 ± 0.48 | 118.83 ± 0.72 | 0.000 |
DBP (mmHg) | 74.05 ± 0.19 | 77.12 ± 0.34 | 77.44 ± 0.45 | 0.000 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 93.40 ± 0.21 | 99.18 ± 0.63 | 101.31 ± 0.97 | 0.000 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.51 ± 0.01 | 5.70 ± 0.02 | 5.83 ± 0.03 | 0.000 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 114.13 ± 0.71 | 118.87 ± 1.26 | 119.77 ± 2.48 | 0.001 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 52.68 ± 0.18 | 49.02 ± 0.35 | 49.00 ± 0.53 | 0.000 |
TG (mg/dL) | 122.1 ± 1.55 | 153.79 ± 3.99 | 154.86 ± 5.95 | 0.000 |
Family income percentile (%) | 0.000 | |||
<25 | 9.0 | 12.0 | 14.4 | |
25–50 | 23.5 | 27.0 | 25.0 | |
50–75 | 32.4 | 31.8 | 29.5 | |
≥75 | 35.2 | 29.1 | 31.0 | |
More than high school education (%) | 88.9 | 76.7 | 67.9 | 0.000 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 85.8 | 79.5 | 73.5 | 0.000 |
Smoking | 0.000 | |||
Never | 58.4 | 42.4 | 33.7 | |
Past | 17.5 | 19.7 | 24.3 | |
Current | 21.7 | 34.4 | 37.3 | |
Alcohol drinking (yes, %) | 62.9 | 61.9 | 64.3 | 0.630 |
Regular exercise a (yes, %) | 59.3 | 53.5 | 46.6 | 0.000 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2174.90 ± 16.42 | 2206.38 ± 33.73 | 2220.22 ± 56.89 | 0.001 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 314.71 ± 2.16 | 327.65 ± 4.39 | 335.29 ± 6.74 | 0.000 |
Protein intake (g) | 77.04 ± 0.72 | 76.69 ± 1.48 | 76.50 ± 3.96 | 0.964 |
Fat intake (g) | 53.22 ± 0.66 | 47.31 ± 1.23 | 45.75 ± 2.33 | 0.000 |
Tooth brushing ≥ 3 times/day (%) | 57.4 | 48.6 | 46.0 | 0.000 |
Periodic dental checkup (%) b | 30.7 | 29.7 | 29.7 | 0.719 |
Metabolic phenotype | 0.000 | |||
MHNW | 70.6 | 56.7 | 54.8 | |
MANW | 3.5 | 7.2 | 11.4 | |
MHO | 16.8 | 18.9 | 14.5 | |
MAO | 9.1 | 17.2 | 19.4 |
MHNW | MANW | MHO | MAO | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Number (%) | 4959 (67.9) | 359 (4.9) | 1190 (16.3) | 793 (10.9) | |
Sex (male, %) | 38.6 | 54.9 | 51.0 | 61.4 | 0.000 |
Age (years) | 38.78 ± 0.24 | 57.12 ± 0.52 | 42.05 ± 0.36 | 50.66 ± 0.37 | 0.000 |
BMI (kg/m2) | 21.45 ± 0.03 | 23.08 ± 0.05 | 27.21 ± 0.05 | 28.43 ± 0.07 | 0.000 |
WC (cm) | 74.59 ± 0.12 | 83.04 ± 0.23 | 88.33 ± 0.19 | 94.12 ± 0.20 | 0.000 |
SBP (mmHg) | 111.18 ± 0.19 | 128.49 ± 0.59 | 117.03 ± 0.31 | 127.62 ± 0.36 | 0.000 |
DBP (mmHg) | 71.60 ± 0.14 | 79.08 ± 0.39 | 75.64 ± 0.24 | 81.92 ± 0.29 | 0.000 |
FPG (mg/dL) | 93.46 ± 0.20 | 117.05 ± 1.18 | 96.34 ± 0.34 | 113.47 ± 0.71 | 0.000 |
HbA1c (%) | 5.54 ± 0.01 | 6.30 ± 0.04 | 5.65 ± 0.01 | 6.16 ± 0.03 | 0.000 |
LDL-C (mg/dL) | 108.61 ± 0.60 | 111.39 ± 1.45 | 117.95 ± 1.06 | 117.60 ± 1.03 | 0.000 |
HDL-C (mg/dL) | 54.56 ± 0.15 | 41.77 ± 0.30 | 50.33 ± 0.24 | 41.99 ± 0.22 | 0.000 |
TG (mg/dL) | 100.23 ± 0.87 | 239.87 ± 5.68 | 125.78 ± 2.08 | 235.68 ± 4.48 | 0.000 |
Family income percentile (%) a | 0.000 | ||||
<25 | 9.0 | 17.2 | 10.0 | 11.4 | |
25–50 | 24.2 | 25.5 | 25.0 | 24.1 | |
50–75 | 32.4 | 27.4 | 31.8 | 35.2 | |
≥75 | 34.5 | 29.9 | 33.1 | 29.4 | |
More than high school education (%) | 87.4 | 67.7 | 85.9 | 79.6 | 0.000 |
Residence in urban area (%) | 85.6 | 78.7 | 83.7 | 80.1 | 0.000 |
Smoking | 0.000 | ||||
Never | 58.8 | 39.1 | 47.9 | 37.8 | |
Past | 16.6 | 20.1 | 18.3 | 22.6 | |
Current | 22.1 | 36.2 | 30.2 | 35.0 | |
Alcohol drinking (yes, %) | 62.2 | 63.8 | 63.3 | 67.6 | 0.041 |
Regular exercise a (yes, %) | 57.3 | 54.0 | 63.1 | 51.9 | 0.003 |
Total energy intake (kcal) | 2115.97 ± 13.70 | 1999.18 ± 36.87 | 2184.69 ± 26.61 | 2150.62 ± 28.20 | 0.000 |
Carbohydrate intake (g) | 316.56 ± 1.90 | 314.92 ± 4.57 | 323.32 ± 3.50 | 323.47 ± 3.53 | 0.068 |
Protein intake (g) | 74.27 ± 0.66 | 66.80 ± 1.50 | 77.46 ± 1.21 | 73.92 ± 1.21 | 0.000 |
Fat intake (g) | 50.49 ± 0.53 | 36.76 ± 1.26 | 51.45 ± 1.07 | 44.36 ± 1.08 | 0.000 |
Tooth brushing ≥ 3 times/day (%) | 58.2 | 44.6 | 50.8 | 45.1 | 0.000 |
Periodic dental checkup (%) b | 31.6 | 26.7 | 31.4 | 25.3 | 0.044 |
Periodontitis | 0.000 | ||||
None | 79.7 | 56.7 | 74.8 | 61.5 | |
Mild periodontitis | 14.5 | 26.2 | 19.1 | 26.2 | |
Severe periodontitis | 5.8 | 17.1 | 6.1 | 12.3 |
Fully Adjusted OR (95% Cl) | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|
MAO | MANW | MHO | |||
MAO/MHNW | MANW/MHNW | MHO/MHNW | |||
No periodontitis | Reference | No periodontitis | Reference | No periodontitis | Reference |
Mild periodontitis | 1.489 (1.236–1.795) | Mild periodontitis | 1.488 (1.167–1.898) | Mild periodontitis | 1.413 (1.166–1.711) |
Severe periodontitis | 1.945 (1.527–2.478) | Severe periodontitis | 1.769 (1.291–2.425) | Severe periodontitis | 1.281 (0.953–1.723) |
MAO/MANW | MANW/MHO | ||||
No periodontitis | Reference | No periodontitis | Reference | ||
Mild periodontitis | 0.983 (0.754–1.283) | Mild periodontitis | 1.115 (0.821–1.514) | ||
Severe periodontitis | 1.034 (0.747–1.432) | Severe periodontitis | 1.616 (1.118–2.335) | ||
MAO/MHO | |||||
No periodontitis | Reference | ||||
Mild periodontitis | 1.045 (0.821–1.330) | ||||
Severe periodontitis | 1.559 (1.141–2.129) |
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Lyu, Y.S.; Yoon, Y.; Kim, J.H.; Kim, S.Y. The Effect of Periodontitis on Body Size Phenotypes in Adults without Diagnosed Chronic Diseases: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091180
Lyu YS, Yoon Y, Kim JH, Kim SY. The Effect of Periodontitis on Body Size Phenotypes in Adults without Diagnosed Chronic Diseases: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(9):1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091180
Chicago/Turabian StyleLyu, Young Sang, Youngmin Yoon, Jin Hwa Kim, and Sang Yong Kim. 2024. "The Effect of Periodontitis on Body Size Phenotypes in Adults without Diagnosed Chronic Diseases: The Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2013–2015" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9: 1180. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091180