Racial Attitudes and Perceptions of Government Response during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Public Health Strategies
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Methods
2.1. Data Source
2.2. Measures
2.3. Statistical Analysis
3. Results
4. Discussion
4.1. Implications
4.2. Strengths and Limitations
4.3. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Variable | Mean (SD) | Min/Max | n | % |
---|---|---|---|---|
Age (in years) | 48.83 (18.73) | 18/80+ | 1030 | 100 |
Sex | ||||
Male | 489 | 47.5 | ||
Female | 541 | 52.5 | ||
Ethnicity * | ||||
Hispanic or Latino | 123 | 12.2 | ||
Non-Hispanic or Latino | 889 | 87.8 | ||
Race | ||||
White | 552 | 53.6 | ||
Black or African American | 238 | 23.1 | ||
Asian | 119 | 11.6 | ||
American Indican or Alaska Native or Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 28 | 2.7 | ||
Other | 56 | 5.4 | ||
Mixed | 37 | 3.6 | ||
Marital status | ||||
Married | 447 | 43.4 | ||
Formerly Married (widowed/divorced/separated) | 206 | 20.0 | ||
Never Married | 377 | 36.6 | ||
Education | ||||
High school graduate or less than high school degree | 208 | 20.2 | ||
Some college but no degree | 243 | 23.6 | ||
Associate degree in college (2-year) | 135 | 13.1 | ||
Bachelor’s degree in college (4-year) | 279 | 27.1 | ||
Advanced degree (master’s, JD, PhD, MD, etc.) | 165 | 16.0 | ||
Income | ||||
Less than USD 40,000 | 409 | 41.7 | ||
USD 40,000 to USD 79,999 | 344 | 33.4 | ||
USD 80,000 to USD 99,999 | 93 | 9.0 | ||
USD 100,000 or more | 184 | 17.9 |
Characteristic | Total | PolGov | PolGov | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Wasteful/Inefficient | Better than | Sample | |
N = 1030 | n = 556 | n = 473 | ||
Age (in years) | 48.83 | 48.47 | 49.21 | 0.530 |
Sex | 0.549 | |||
Male | 489 | 269 | 220 | |
Female | 540 | 287 | 253 | |
Ethnicity | 0.008 | |||
Hispanic or Latino | 123 | 80 | 43 | |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 888 | 464 | 424 | |
Race | 0.421 | |||
White | 551 | 292 | 259 | |
Black or African American | 238 | 128 | 110 | |
Asian | 119 | 61 | 58 | |
American Indian or Alaska | ||||
Native or Native Hawaiian | ||||
Or Pacific Islander | 28 | 15 | 13 | |
Other | 56 | 35 | 21 | |
Mixed | 37 | 25 | 12 |
Characteristic | Total | PolRace | PolRace | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Mostly Responsible for Their Own | Racial Discrimination Main Reason | ||
N = 1030 | n = 494 | n = 536 | ||
Age (in years) | 48.83 | 51.81 | 46.09 | <0.001 |
Sex | 0.003 | |||
Male | 489 | 258 | 231 | |
Female | 541 | 236 | 305 | |
Ethnicity | 0.224 | |||
Hispanic or Latino | 123 | 53 | 70 | |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 889 | 435 | 454 | |
Race | <0.001 | |||
White | 552 | 313 | 239 | |
Black or African American | 238 | 73 | 165 | |
Asian | 119 | 59 | 60 | |
American Indian or Alaska | ||||
Native or Native Hawaiian | ||||
Or Pacific Islander | 28 | 14 | 14 | |
Other | 56 | 22 | 34 | |
Mixed | 37 | 13 | 24 |
Characteristic | Total | PolResp | PolResp | PolResp | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Sample | Not Done Enough | Responded Correctly | Done Too Much | ||
N = 1030 | n = 569 | n = 410 | n = 51 | ||
Age (in years) | 48.83 | 48.36 | 50.55 | 40.43 | <0.001 |
Sex | 0.006 | ||||
Male | 489 | 245 | 215 | 29 | |
Female | 541 | 324 | 195 | 22 | |
Ethnicity | 0.695 | ||||
Hispanic or Latino | 123 | 68 | 47 | 8 | |
Not Hispanic or Latino | 889 | 487 | 359 | 43 | |
Race | <0.001 | ||||
White | 552 | 267 | 257 | 28 | |
Black or African American | 238 | 150 | 74 | 14 | |
Asian | 119 | 78 | 37 | 4 | |
American Indian or Alaska | |||||
Native or Native Hawaiian | |||||
Or Pacific Islander | 28 | 10 | 17 | 1 | |
Other | 56 | 39 | 16 | 1 | |
Mixed | 37 | 25 | 9 | 3 |
Variable | N (%) | p-Value |
---|---|---|
PolGov | <0.001 | |
Government is almost always wasteful and inefficient | 556 (54.1) | |
Government often does a better job than people give it credit for | 473 (45.9) | |
GovResp | <0.001 | |
Government has not done enough in response to COVD-19 | 569 (55.2) | |
Government responded correctly to COVID-19 | 419 (39.8) | |
Government has done too much in response to COVID-19 | 51 (5.0) | |
PolRace | <0.001 | |
Blacks who can’t get ahead in this country are mostly | ||
Responsible for their own condition | 494 (48.0) | |
Racial discrimination is the main reason why many black | ||
People can’t get ahead these days | 536 (52.0) |
Variable | PolRace | PolRace | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
Mostly Responsible for Their Own | Racial Discrimination Main Reason | ||
n (%) * | n (%) * | ||
PolGov | |||
Wasteful/inefficient | 286 (55.44%) | 279 (48.56%) | 0.017 |
Better than credited | 208 (43.97%) | 265 (56.03%) | |
GovResp | |||
Not done enough | 204 (35.85%) | 365 (64.15%) | <0.001 |
Responded correctly | 265 (64.63%) | 145 (43.37%) | |
Done too much | 25 (49.02%) | 26 (50.98%) |
Variable | Odds Ratio | 95% CI | p-Value |
---|---|---|---|
PolGov | |||
Wasteful/inefficient | 1.830 | [1.390, 2.410] | <0.001 |
Better than credited (reference) | |||
GovResp | |||
Not done enough | 1.920 | [1.053, 3.502] | 0.033 |
Responded correctly | 0.538 | [0.292, 0.993] | 0.047 |
Done too much (reference) |
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Share and Cite
Hung, M.; Franklin, J.D.; Smith, W.A.; Crespo, C.J.; Ezikwelu, E.U.; Bounsanga, J.; Lipsky, M.S. Racial Attitudes and Perceptions of Government Response during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Public Health Strategies. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2024, 21, 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091183
Hung M, Franklin JD, Smith WA, Crespo CJ, Ezikwelu EU, Bounsanga J, Lipsky MS. Racial Attitudes and Perceptions of Government Response during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Public Health Strategies. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2024; 21(9):1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091183
Chicago/Turabian StyleHung, Man, Jeremy D. Franklin, William A. Smith, Carlos J. Crespo, Evelyn U. Ezikwelu, Jerry Bounsanga, and Martin S. Lipsky. 2024. "Racial Attitudes and Perceptions of Government Response during the COVID-19 Pandemic: Implications for Public Health Strategies" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 21, no. 9: 1183. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph21091183