Possibility to Grasp the Older Drivers’ Conditions from the Triennial Nationwide Survey of Japan for Elderly Welfare
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
2.1. Survey Items and Questionnaire Content
2.2. Data Analysis
3. Results
3.1. Basic Statistics of Respondents
3.2. Logistic Regression Analysis on Current and Former Drivers With/Without KCL Data
3.3. Driving Conditions and Avoidance of Current Drivers
3.3.1. Driving Conditions of Current Drivers
3.3.2. Multiple Regression Analysis for Driving Avoidance Frequencies of Four “Challenging Daily-Life Driving Situations” Based on the Health Conditions of the Older Drivers
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
Appendix A
No. | Questions | Answer | |
---|---|---|---|
1 | Do you go out by bus or train by yourself? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
2 | Do you go shopping to buy daily necessities by yourself? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
3 | Do you manage your own deposits and savings at the bank? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
4 | Do you sometimes visit your friends? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
5 | Do you turn to your family or friends for advice? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
6 | Do you normally climb stairs without using handrail or wall for support? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
7 | Do you normally stand up from a chair without any aids? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
8 | Do you normally walk continuously for 15 min? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
9 | Have you experienced a fall in the past year? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
10 | Do you have a fear of falling while walking? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
11 | Have you lost 2 kg or more in the past 6 months? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
12 | Height: cm, weight: kg, BMI: kg/m2 If BMI is less than 18.5, this item is scored. | 1. YES | 0. NO |
13 | Do you have any difficulties eating tough foods compared to 6 months ago? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
14 | Have you choked on your tea or soup recently? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
15 | Do you often experience having a dry mouth? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
16 | Do you go out at least once a week? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
17 | Do you go out less frequently compared to last year? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
18 | Do your family or your friends point out your memory loss? e.g., “You ask the same question over and over again.” | 1. YES | 0. NO |
19 | Do you make a call by looking up phone numbers? | 0. YES | 1. NO |
20 | Do you find yourself not knowing today’s date? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
21 | In the last 2 weeks have you felt a lack of fulfilment in your daily life? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
22 | In the last 2 weeks have you felt a lack of joy when doing the things you used to enjoy? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
23 | In the last 2 weeks have you felt difficulty in doing what you could do easily before? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
24 | In the last 2 weeks have you felt helpless? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
25 | In the last 2 weeks have you felt tired without a reason? | 1. YES | 0. NO |
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | Model E | |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 2.926 *** | 2.822 *** | 3.195 *** | 3.155 *** | 2.688 *** |
(2.139, 3.712) | (2.017, 3.627) | (2.396, 3.995) | (2.318, 3.991) | (1.835, 3.541) | |
Age | 0.425 ** | 0.456 ** | 0.389 * | 0.419 *** | 0.416 ** |
(0.119, 0.731) | (0.143, 0.770) | (0.074, 0.703) | (0.090, 0.748) | (0.107, 0.725) | |
Living alone, yes | 1.100 * | 1.104 * | 1.113 * | 1.125 * | 1.220 * |
(0.129, 2.071) | (0.108, 2.100) | (0.114, 2.113) | (0.080, 2.170) | (0.231, 2.209) | |
Self-rating of driving ability | 1.161 *** | 1.487 *** | 1.090 *** | ||
(0.642, 1.681) | (0.979, 1.996) | (0.561, 1.619) | |||
KCL scores | 0.236 *** | 0.310 *** | 0.217 *** | ||
(0.124, 0.348) | (0.200, 0.420) | (0.104, 0.331) | |||
Bus route area | 0.685 | ||||
(−0.185, 1.556) | |||||
Riding in a car driven by others | 0.046 | ||||
(−1.133, 1.226) | |||||
Current driving frequency | 0.266 | ||||
(−0.192, 0.723) | |||||
Evaluate the importance of driving | 0.228 | ||||
(−0.389, 0.846) | |||||
R2 | 0.291 | 0.251 | 0.247 | 0.173 | 0.302 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.279 | 0.242 | 0.237 | 0.165 | 0.281 |
AIC | 1697.004 | 1712.06 | 1713.992 | 1741.777 | 1699.912 |
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Respondents (n = 393) | Current Drivers (n = 317) | Former Drivers (n = 33) | Non-Drivers (n = 43) | |||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Gender | ||||||
Male | 169 | 53.3% | 12 | 36.4% | 3 | 7.0% |
Female | 148 | 46.7% | 21 | 63.6% | 40 | 93.0% |
Age | ||||||
65–69 | 96 | 30.3% | 0 | 0.0% | 2 | 4.7% |
70–74 | 102 | 32.2% | 3 | 9.1% | 6 | 14.0% |
75–79 | 59 | 18.6% | 4 | 12.1% | 7 | 16.3% |
80–84 | 40 | 12.6% | 13 | 39.4% | 6 | 14.0% |
85–89 | 15 | 4.7% | 3 | 9.1% | 11 | 25.6% |
90–94 | 3 | 0.9% | 6 | 18.2% | 6 | 14.0% |
95–99 | 2 | 0.6% | 4 | 12.1% | 5 | 11.6% |
Region (bus) | ||||||
Yes | 231 | 72.9% | 25 | 75.8% | 33 | 76.7% |
No | 86 | 27.1% | 8 | 24.2% | 10 | 23.3% |
Living alone | ||||||
Yes | 62 | 19.6% | 15 | 45.5% | 14 | 32.6% |
No | 255 | 80.4% | 18 | 54.5% | 29 | 67.4% |
Frailty Measures | ||||||
Robust | 104 | 32.8% | 5 | 15.2% | 7 | 16.3% |
Pre-frailty | 139 | 43.8% | 10 | 30.2% | 9 | 20.9% |
Frailty | 74 | 23.3% | 18 | 54.5% | 27 | 62.8% |
KCL scores | ||||||
Mean (SD) | 5.44 (3.60) | 9.58 (6.12) | 9.67 (5.87) | |||
Median [Min, Max] | 5.00 [0, 21.0] | 9.00 [0, 23.0] | 8.00 [0, 23.0] |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |
---|---|---|---|
Age (5-year) OR (95%CI) | 3.056 *** (2.612–6.776) | 3.187 *** (2.255–4.834) | 3.263 *** (2.338–4.860) |
Gender | |||
Male OR (95%CI) | 1.000 (Ref) | 1.000 (Ref) | 1.000 (Ref) |
Female OR (95%CI) | 6.011 ** (1.989–21.763) | 5.452 ** (1.848–18.855) | 4.719 ** (1.712–14.723) |
Living alone | |||
Yes OR (95%CI) | 2.616 (0.985–7.029) | 2.687 * (1.018–7.199) | 2.659 * (1.052–6.784) |
No OR (95%CI) | 1.000 (Ref) | 1.000 (Ref) | 1.000 (Ref) |
KCL scores OR (95%CI) | 1.160 ** (1.059–1.277) | ||
Frailty Measures | |||
Robust OR (95%CI) | 1.000 (Ref) | ||
Pre-frailty OR (95%CI) | 1.108 (0.327–4.104) | ||
Frailty OR (95%CI) | 3.875 * (1.215–14.126) | ||
AIC | 139.610 | 144.200 | 147.830 |
Model 1 | Model 2 | Model 3 | |||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Driving | Not driving | Driving | Not driving | Driving | Not driving | Total | |
Current | 311 | 6 | 311 | 6 | 314 | 3 | 317 |
Former | 21 | 12 | 22 | 11 | 25 | 8 | 33 |
Total | 332 | 18 | 333 | 17 | 339 | 11 | 350 |
Male | Female | p-Value | |
---|---|---|---|
n = 169 | n = 148 | ||
Riding in a car driven by others | <0.001 a | ||
No | 158 (93.5%) | 113 (76.4%) | |
Yes | 11 (6.5%) | 35 (23.6%) | |
Self-rating of driving ability | 0.066 a | ||
Excellent | 14 (8.3%) | 6 (4.1%) | |
Good | 23 (13.6%) | 16 (10.8%) | |
Average | 112 (66.3%) | 92 (62.2%) | |
Fair | 17 (10.1%) | 30 (20.3%) | |
Poor | 3 (1.8%) | 4 (2.7%) | |
Evaluate the importance of driving | 0.011 b | ||
Very important | 121 (71.6%) | 82 (55.4%) | |
Important | 38 (22.5%) | 51 (34.5%) | |
Somewhat important | 10 (5.9%) | 11 (7.4%) | |
Not very important | 0 (0%) | 3 (2.0%) | |
Not important at all | 0 (0%) | 1 (0.7%) | |
Current driving frequency | <0.001 a | ||
Nearly daily | 86 (50.9%) | 23 (15.5%) | |
3–5 times weekly | 44 (26.0%) | 63 (42.6%) | |
1–2 times weekly | 32 (18.9%) | 45 (30.4%) | |
2–3 times monthly | 6 (3.6%) | 17 (11.5%) | |
Not driven in the past six months | 1 (0.6%) | 0 (0%) |
Challenging Daily-Life Driving Situations | Challenging Non-Daily-Life Driving Situations | ||||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Rain | Nights | Dawn or Dusk | Nights During Rain | Long Time | First Time in Place | Highways | |
rain | 1 | 0.71 | 0.63 | 0.70 | 0.54 | 0.58 | 0.49 |
nights | 1 | 0.79 | 0.89 | 0.60 | 0.64 | 0.56 | |
dawn or dusk | 1 | 0.77 | 0.62 | 0.64 | 0.55 | ||
nights during rain | 1 | 0.63 | 0.64 | 0.57 | |||
long time | 1 | 0.77 | 0.66 | ||||
first time in place | 1 | 0.72 | |||||
highways | 1 |
Model A | Model B | Model C | Model D | |
---|---|---|---|---|
Female | 2.926 *** | 2.822 *** | 3.195 *** | 3.155 *** |
(95% CI) | (2.139, 3.712) | (2.017, 3.627) | (2.396, 3.995) | (2.318, 3.991) |
Age | 0.425 ** | 0.456 ** | 0.389 * | 0.419 * |
(95% CI) | (0.119, 0.731) | (0.143, 0.770) | (0.074, 0.703) | (0.090, 0.748) |
Living alone, yes | 1.100 * | 1.104 * | 1.113 * | 1.125 * |
(95% CI) | (0.129, 2.071) | (0.108, 2.100) | (0.114, 2.113) | (0.080, 2.170) |
Self-rating of driving ability | 1.161 *** | 1.487 *** | ||
(95% CI) | (0.642, 1.681) | (0.979, 1.996) | ||
KCL scores | 0.236 *** | 0.310 *** | ||
(95% CI) | (0.124, 0.348) | (0.200, 0.420) | ||
R2 | 0.291 | 0.251 | 0.247 | 0.173 |
Adjusted R2 | 0.279 | 0.242 | 0.237 | 0.165 |
AIC | 1697.004 | 1712.060 | 1713.992 | 1741.777 |
BusRoute Area | Live Alone | KCL Scores | SRDA | EID | TS DAF | Usual Driving Destination | Current Using Transportation | Future Using Transportation * | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Kushiro | Village | Others | Public * | Others | Public * | |||||||
Must-watch drivers (n = 6) | 17% | 33% | 9.6 | 3.5 | 1.5 | 11 | 83% | 83% | 33% | 0% | 67% | 67% |
Former drivers (n = 33) | 24% | 45% | 10.8 | 76% | 58% | 79% | 42% | |||||
Other current drivers (n = 311) | 27% | 19% | 5.3 | 2.9 | 1.5 | 9 | 86% | 64% | 14% | 4% | 56% | 83% |
p-value | 0.945 a | 0.001 a | <0.001 b | 0.118 c | 0.981 c | 0.322 c | 1.000 a | 0.427 a | <0.001 a | <0.001 a | 0.028 a | <0.001 a |
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Share and Cite
He, M.; Yamanaka, Y.; Takamatsu, K. Possibility to Grasp the Older Drivers’ Conditions from the Triennial Nationwide Survey of Japan for Elderly Welfare. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010005
He M, Yamanaka Y, Takamatsu K. Possibility to Grasp the Older Drivers’ Conditions from the Triennial Nationwide Survey of Japan for Elderly Welfare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(1):5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010005
Chicago/Turabian StyleHe, Mengmeng, Yasuhiro Yamanaka, and Kazuya Takamatsu. 2025. "Possibility to Grasp the Older Drivers’ Conditions from the Triennial Nationwide Survey of Japan for Elderly Welfare" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 1: 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010005
APA StyleHe, M., Yamanaka, Y., & Takamatsu, K. (2025). Possibility to Grasp the Older Drivers’ Conditions from the Triennial Nationwide Survey of Japan for Elderly Welfare. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(1), 5. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22010005