Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Mobile Rehabilitation: State of the Science Conference Report—Future Directions for mRehab for People with Disabilities
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Materials and Methods
- Session 1: Adherence to and effectiveness of home/remote therapeutic exercise.
- Session 2: Technology for remote monitoring and support.
- Session 3: Analytic techniques for managing “Big Data” available from mRehab.
- Session 4: Barriers and facilitators to uptake and adoption of mRehab.
Methods
- A group of expert panelists is questioned about the issue of interest;
- Participation is anonymous to promote independent input and avoid social pressure;
- It is an iterative process comprising several rounds of inquiry, review and response;
- Each subsequent round is informed by a summary of the group response of the previous round.
- Information sharing. Data and other information and perspectives were provided to all attendees and participants (mRehab RERC staff, speakers, and members of the American Congress of Rehabilitation Medicine who attended the SOS Conference) via thematically organized presentations and related discussion. Additionally, prior to the conference, the organizers provided a program with abstracts of all the presentations. These data and background information were developed by the SOS Conference organizers over the previous 12 months through multiple sessions of ideation and conference planning.
- Round 1. The initial round of broad discovery of R&D needs and opportunities for mobile rehabilitation was conducted via an interactive ideation session among all staff, speakers and attendees (approximately 36 rehabilitation R&D professionals) in a two-hour session at the end of the SOS Conference. Participants were asked to identify a list of key priorities for the field, informed by the 12 presentations and discussions and by the participants’ own knowledge and experience as researchers, engineers, clinicians and administrators.
- Round 2. Refinement and interactive discussion of the ideas put forth in Round 1 were conducted among 12 mRehab RERC staff (which included several conference speakers) immediately after the SOS Conference.
- Round 3. Further refinement of the set of R&D priorities was conducted remotely via videoconferences and email among the 5 authors of this paper over the weeks following the SOS Conference.
- Our approach diverged from the traditional Delphi method in several important ways:
- The selection process for the Round 1 panel of experts among conference attendees was not fully structured. Other than the members of the mRehab RERC and invited speakers, participants were not specifically recruited. Instead, the process was adapted to fit the structure and functioning of the annual conference of a professional society in rehabilitation medicine. We simply engaged all attendees at the annual meeting of the American Congress for Rehabilitation Medicine who independently registered and attended our SOS Conference. Despite the voluntary nature of participation, all participants in Round 1 were research, engineering, administrative and clinical professionals in the area of physical medicine and rehabilitation (PM&R) and rehabilitation technology.
- The experts in each round were not restricted to anonymous, asynchronous participation. All rounds involved direct interaction among participants. This did not seem to inhibit active participation or impact the nature of participant feedback.
- Rounds 2 and 3 involved only experts from the mRehab RERC: principal investigators, project directors and research staff from Shepherd Center, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute, University of California at Irvine, Flint Rehab and Pt Pal.
- Evaluation and refinement of R&D priorities relied on an iterative process of direct discussion and review, instead of a formal rating system or scale.
3. Results
3.1. Session 1: Adherence to and Effectiveness of Home/Remote Therapeutic Exercise
3.2. Session 2: Technology for Remote Monitoring and Support
3.3. Session 3: Analytic Techniques for Managing “Big Data” for mRehab
3.4. Session 4: Barriers and Facilitators to Uptake and Adoption of mRehab
4. Discussion
4.1. Future Research Needs
- Determine the efficacy of features of HEP management systems in improving exercise adherence.
- Validate that improved HEP adherence improves health and function outcomes.
- Identify any potential risks of harm resulting from increased adherence/excessive effort, such as physical injury or psychological stress to perform exercises.
- Demonstrate the value of mRehab technologies to improve access to rehabilitation for underserved populations (e.g., self-directed vs. clinician-directed and insurance-reimbursed rehabilitation).
- Determine the importance of patient choice of exercises, intensity, and coaching style. Does it improve adherence? Is progress toward rehabilitation goals the same/faster/slower when patient preferences contribute to exercise prescriptions?
- Determine the current industry use of CMS RTM billing codes and reimbursement success. What are the best practices for incorporating RTM reimbursement into practice?
- Understand the effectiveness of various models for behavioral coaching to improve adherence, e.g., preferred interaction style (drill sergeant, coach, cheerleader, delegator), behavioral contingencies, method and frequency of feedback on performance.
- Understand the influence of bio-psycho-social variables (e.g., social determinants of health, contextual and cultural factors) on adherence and benefits derived from improved adherence to HEPs.
4.2. Future Development Needs
- Design HEP systems with easy setup by patients in the home, device/platform agnosticism, and connectivity to cloud.
- Continue efforts to integrate HEP systems into clinical practice.
- Avoid duplication of effort to document/review in the app and in the EMR;
- Close the feedback loop for patients and clinicians to enable easy access to data on exercise progress;
- Integrate data for reporting, business intelligence, and automation through AI (e.g., to manage exercise progression) with electronic medical records (EMRs).
- Employ AI chatbots as a universal interface for patients.
- Gather input from industry, including ICT companies, developers, and engineers.
- Complement existing consumer and clinician networks maintained by the mRehab RERC with industry partners;
- Survey the needs of the field;
- Help is needed to access/understand the interest of consumers and providers in data sharing for data lake analytic research.
- Expand data sharing consortium beyond current partners in the mRehab RERC.
- Modeled after “All of Us” and other consortia;
- Identify common data elements and measurement methods;
- Contribute data to expand shared mRehab data lake for analytics research.
- Establish a “toolkit” for clinical practices on how to optimize reimbursement under RTM codes and share this with industry and clinical partners.
4.3. Limitations
5. Conclusions
Author Contributions
Funding
Institutional Review Board Statement
Informed Consent Statement
Data Availability Statement
Acknowledgments
Conflicts of Interest
References
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Session | Presentation Title | Presenters |
---|---|---|
1.1 | Clinician Strategies and Perspectives on Patient Adherence to Home Exercise Programs | Raeda Anderson, PhD Shepherd Center |
1.2 | Inclusiveness and Cultural Relevance for Developing mRehab Interventions | Sutanuka Bhattacharjya, OTR/L, PhD Georgia State University |
1.3 | Patient-Centered mRehab for Self-Management of Chronic Conditions | Candice Osborne, OTR, MPH, PhD, Craig Hospital |
Session | Presentation Title | Presenters |
---|---|---|
2.1 | Motivating and Monitoring Patient Activity in the Home and Community Using Gamified Sensor Technology | Daniel Zondervan, PhD, Flint Rehab |
2.2 | Designing and Implementing an AI Conversational Agent for Behavior Activation in People with Brain Injury | Amanda Rabinowitz, PhD, Moss Rehabilitation Research Institute |
2.3 | Perspectives of Stakeholders to Facilitate Uptake and Adoption of Wearable Technology in Stroke Rehabilitation | Marika Demers, PhD, Université de Montréal |
Session | Presentation Title | Presenters |
---|---|---|
3.1 | Novel Use of mHealth Data to Identify Vulnerability and Receptivity to Just-in-Time Adaptive Interventions | James Rehg, PhD University of Illinois Urbana Champaign |
3.2 | Translating Accelerations into Participation: Big Data, Latent Variables, and Challenges of Actigraphy | Keith Lohse, PhD Washington University |
3.3 | Building Automated Chatbot Coaching System to Encourage Effective Engagement with a Home Rehabilitation Game for Stroke Survivors | Sangjoon Kim, PhD University of California Irvine George Collier, PhD Shepherd Center |
Session | Presentation Title | Presenters |
---|---|---|
4.1 | Barriers and Facilitators to Integrating Mobile Rehabilitation Technologies into Clinical Practice | Lauri Bishop, DPT, PhD University of Miami |
4.2 | Regulatory and Reimbursement Environment for mHealth and mRehab Interventions and Future Directions | Stephanie D. Barnes, JD, PhD Nixon Gwilt Law |
4.3 | Implementation of an mRehab Architecture in Outpatient Clinics | Veronica Swanson, PhD University of California, Irvine Mike Jones, PhD, FACRM Shepherd Center |
Development/Engineering | Research |
---|---|
Research to prove outcomes | Clinical reports to include adherence |
What is adherence? Two levels of adherence • Home exercise prescriptions; • Technology adherence (technology use). | Data-capture from multiple providers |
Capture multiple dimensions of activity + context | |
Use sensors with other platforms (e.g., SMS) | |
Use technology to inform dosage | Train sensor during in-person session |
Patient choice | Setting thresholds for risk of non-adherence |
Patient level data | Timely feedback to patient |
For, by, about patients | Universal chatbot for multiple devices |
Is a snapshot model good enough? | AI-informed program for customization |
Identify risk of harm from HEPs | Use sensors for hard-to-measure activity and status |
• Does tech impact risk? | Data labeling research |
Identify minimum threshold for improvement | Tag motion for accuracy |
Design mechanisms for ensuring data quality | Micro RCTs to refine coaching |
AI/ML/chat routines | Capacity building—create post doc positions |
Compare therapist + patient perspectives | Toolkit to get RPM adopted |
Capture patient context | Technology and industry network |
Content of coaching | Foundation for data sharing |
Incorporate patient choice | Gather evidence |
Build data ocean (versus “data lake”) | Crowdsourced Wiki for rehab tech solutions |
Data sharing by companies and researchers | • Independent confirmation of posts by SMEs |
Community context | • Curation site for research and data |
Include social determinants of health (SDOH) | • Group training + active training |
Environmental factors: weather, day, time, place |
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© 2025 by the authors. Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).
Share and Cite
Morris, J.; Jones, M.; DeRuyter, F.; Rabinowitz, A.; Reinkensmeyer, D.J. Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Mobile Rehabilitation: State of the Science Conference Report—Future Directions for mRehab for People with Disabilities. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2025, 22, 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040532
Morris J, Jones M, DeRuyter F, Rabinowitz A, Reinkensmeyer DJ. Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Mobile Rehabilitation: State of the Science Conference Report—Future Directions for mRehab for People with Disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2025; 22(4):532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040532
Chicago/Turabian StyleMorris, John, Mike Jones, Frank DeRuyter, Amanda Rabinowitz, and David J. Reinkensmeyer. 2025. "Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Mobile Rehabilitation: State of the Science Conference Report—Future Directions for mRehab for People with Disabilities" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 22, no. 4: 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040532
APA StyleMorris, J., Jones, M., DeRuyter, F., Rabinowitz, A., & Reinkensmeyer, D. J. (2025). Rehabilitation Engineering Research Center on Mobile Rehabilitation: State of the Science Conference Report—Future Directions for mRehab for People with Disabilities. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health, 22(4), 532. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph22040532