Chronic Traffic-Induced PM Exposure and Self-Reported Respiratory and Cardiovascular Health in the RHINE Tartu Cohort
Abstract
:1. Introduction
2. Material and Methods
2.1. Study Population and Site
2.2. Questionnaire on Respiratory Health and Cardiac Diseases
- Wheezing “Have you had wheezing or whistling in your chest at any time in the last 12 months?”, and if so, “Have you had this wheezing or whistling when you did not have a cold?”
- Cough “Have you been woken by an attack of coughing at any time in the last 12 months?”
- Chronic bronchitis symptoms “Do you cough up phlegm in this way almost every day for at least three months every year?”, and if so, “Have you had periods of this kind for at least two years in a row?”
- Non-allergic rhinitis “Have you ever experienced nasal symptoms such as nasal congestion, rhinorrhoea (runny nose) and/or sneezing attacks without having a cold?”, and if “Yes”; “No” to question “Do you have any nasal allergies including hay fever?”
- Chest tightness “Have you woken up with a feeling of tightness in your chest at any time in the last 12 months?”
- Breath shortness “Have you been woken by an attack of shortness of breath at any time in the last 12 months?”
- Cardiac diseases “Do you have any cardiac disease?”
- Hypertension “Do you have high blood pressure?”
2.3. Air Pollution Exposure
2.4. Statistical Analyses
3. Results
3.1. Exposure
3.2. Associations with PM at Home and Prevalences
4. Discussion
5. Conclusions
Acknowledgments
References
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Age (years) | Men | Smokers | BMI | Prevalence (%) | ||||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
Mean | Min-max | (%) | Mean | Min-max | Cardiac disease | Hypertension | Chronic bronchitis | |
35 | 25–50 | 48 | 35.3 | 24.2 | 15.4–54.9 | 12.4 | 12.4 | 5.7 |
OR3 (95% CI4) | ||
---|---|---|
Per 1 μg·m−3 increase in exposure | Per increase in exposure corresponding to the fifth to the 95th percentile | |
Cough1 | 1.01 (0.28–3.64) | 1.00 (0.75–1.34) |
Chronic bronchitis1 | 0.78 (0.53–11.44) | 0.95 (0.87–1.73) |
Non–allergic rhinitis1 | 1.79 (0.45–7.17) | 1.14 (0.83–1.56) |
Wheezing1 | 1.99 (0.36–11.83) | 1.17 (0.79–1.75) |
Chest tightness1 | 2.34 (0.48–11.48) | 1.21 (0.85–1.74) |
Shortness of breath1 | 2.92 (0.46–18.65) | 1.27 (0.84–1.94) |
Cardiac diseases1 | 7.56 (1.40–40.68) | 1.58 (1.08–2.31) |
Cardiac diseases2 | 9.04 (1.62–50.42) | 1.64 (1.12–2.43) |
Hypertension1 | 4.65 (0.76–28.41) | 1.42 (0.94–2.13) |
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Orru, H.; Jõgi, R.; Kaasik, M.; Forsberg, B. Chronic Traffic-Induced PM Exposure and Self-Reported Respiratory and Cardiovascular Health in the RHINE Tartu Cohort. Int. J. Environ. Res. Public Health 2009, 6, 2740-2751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6112740
Orru H, Jõgi R, Kaasik M, Forsberg B. Chronic Traffic-Induced PM Exposure and Self-Reported Respiratory and Cardiovascular Health in the RHINE Tartu Cohort. International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health. 2009; 6(11):2740-2751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6112740
Chicago/Turabian StyleOrru, Hans, Rain Jõgi, Marko Kaasik, and Bertil Forsberg. 2009. "Chronic Traffic-Induced PM Exposure and Self-Reported Respiratory and Cardiovascular Health in the RHINE Tartu Cohort" International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health 6, no. 11: 2740-2751. https://doi.org/10.3390/ijerph6112740